Writing an Academic Essay - 1224 Words

Academic writing is different from other forms of writing; it is distinctive, clear and concise. This essay will describe the factors that contribute to the credibility of an academic piece of writing, and incorporating them effectively into your own writing. In this essay I will further discuss the following three features to enrich credible academic writing; planning and drafting, critical writing and referencing and plagiarism. With an abundant quantity of literature available, it is important to understand the factors that contribute to the credibility of an academic piece of writing. With the amount of literature available, especially with the Internet, making critical choices about what to read is the first step in in critical†¦show more content†¦You cannot expect all material that you turn up to be as reliable as peer-reviewed journal articles and official publications. As (Turabian, 2007) suggests, you will probably find more sources than you can use, so you must evaluate their usefulness by skimming quickly for two criteria: relevance and reliability. A peer-reviewed source is considered to be a reliable source, as they must endure a thorough review process, with many professional reviewers involved. Peer-review maintains standards and ensures reporting is truthful and as accurate as possible (Hames, 2007). Peer-reviewers examine the accuracy of factual information, and respond with question s and critique of any conclusion made. The reviewers may disagree with the writer or they may agree that they are a professional in the field. The source is further credible if a person with a university degree or other credentials within the field has written it. Having the aptitude to critically source credible sources permits for the effective planning and drafting of your writing. Planning and drafting academic assessments is a crucial aspect in effective academic writing and educational success. The key to successful writing is strong planning, research skills and drafting capability. (Sellers, Dochen Hodges 2005) highlighted that Observation of writers producing non-trivial texts suggests that most spendShow MoreRelated Writing the Academic Essay1531 Words   |  7 PagesWriting the Academic Essay For many high school students, the academic essay is an unforgiving monster that terrorizes their campus, a nightmarish beast that can rip the heart out of G.P.A.s and dash all hopes for college admission. Yet, others tame this friend with ease, bending its cruel will to theirs as if it was nothing, as if they possessed a secret weapon. Well, guess what? They do! Successful essayists succeed because they are armed with the exact knowledge of what an essay isRead MoreThe Six Steps of Writing an Academic Essay1370 Words   |  6 PagesThere are six steps to writing an academic essay. If you follow each of these steps correctly, you will find that you can write university essays that will earn you a distinction (or high distinction) every time. It is simply a matter of understanding what steps to follow, and then completing each of them thoroughly. This article provides an outline and brief description of each of these steps. It is an introduction to a series of articles that will examine each step in more depth. Reading justRead MoreEssay on An Individuals Reflection on Academic Writing 951 Words   |  4 PagesAnother Step of a Long Process: Studying English Academic writing is an art of expressing and transforming thoughts and ideas into physical form to deliver information logically and scientifically. 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However incorrect use of these basic steps can lead the paper to lackRead MoreHow Society s Image Of Women Have Changed Over The Past Years905 Words   |  4 Pages I must be an unbendable writing, I am still stuck on the usual middle school â€Å"hamburger multiple paragraph† essay structure. After reading three academic writing essays my ideas of academic writing has not changed. Even though all three types of essays were forms of academic writing, I came across my own theory. Everyone has their own unique way of writing that makes their essay standout to be academic writing. What someone else might think is academic writing another person might not thinkRead MoreComparison Of Thonney, Williams, And Mcenerney1750 Words   |  7 PagesMcEnerney Writing consists of self expression, an outlet of creativity to communicate ideas. An individualism thought, purpose, and goal we are able to carry out towards our intended audience. Writing allows us to credit those who have impacted our lives positively. Furthermore, Academic essay writing is an important and effective piece in one’s life in order to gain knowledge that will allow us to present our ideas clearly and logically. Furthering your education consist of constantly writing papersRead MoreFree Papers1007 Words   |  5 PagesIf you are looking for free academic papers such as free essays, free term papers, free research papers, free dissertations, free book reports/book reviews, free essays, free speeches, there exists a chance of being accused of plagiarism. Free papers downloaded from essay databases and essay sites can be easily detected by plagiarism detection systems and sofwares. You can find a lot of resources and sites with databases of free sample papers and free example papers on any topic. You can use these

How important was Berlin to the development and outbreak of the Cold War, 1945-1961 Free Essays

string(183) " Looking at those different factors overall you can say that the most significant problem in the year of 1945 was the dropping of the A-bomb on Nagasaki and Hiroshima in August 1945\." The first period of time we need to look at is the year of 1945, when the Second World War ended. This was also the year when the Yalta, in February 1945, and the Potsdam Conference, in July 1945, was hold in order to discuss certain problems and plans that occurred or should have been done after the end of war. The tensions, which had lead to the beginning of the Cold War started to emerge more intensively at those two conferences, as there were many areas of disagreement between the USA and the USSR. We will write a custom essay sample on How important was Berlin to the development and outbreak of the Cold War, 1945-1961? or any similar topic only for you Order Now One of the four main areas of disagreement was Germany. As the Yalta Conference was hold in February 1945 the war against Germany and Japan was still on going but an end of all terror was close. Problems that had emerged from the Tehran Conference, that had been hold in 1943, had to be resolved at that conference. It was agreed that that Germany firstly had to be divided into four zones being occupied by Britain, France, the USA and the USSR. Germany should also pay reparations to the countries it had damaged in the wart earlier, especially huge amounts to Russia as Stalin demanded. However, Stalin also did not like the idea of splitting Germany into two parts. Could Cold War Have Been Avoided? iframe class="wp-embedded-content" sandbox="allow-scripts" security="restricted" style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);" src="https://phdessay.com/could-cold-war-have-been-avoided/embed/#?secret=mVfKsyFtcy" data-secret="mVfKsyFtcy" width="500" height="282" title="#8220;Could Cold War Have Been Avoided?#8221; #8212; Free Essays - PhDessay.com" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no"/iframe Germany, by paying huge amounts of money to Russia and other countries, should be weakened by that so I would not become a future threat anymore. Also Stalin intended to finance Russia’s rebuild of the destructions, which it has suffered from Nazi Germany in the war. In the year 1952 Stalin still seemed to favour the idea of a united Germany over which the USSR had no control but some influence. However, there were also other factors of disagreement at those conferences, which caused massive problems in the relationship between the USA and the USSR. Poland for example proved to be more difficult than Germany. Eventually, the superpowers agreed that the USSR’s demands over Poland’s border in the east would be met. Furthermore Poland should receive territorial compensation from Germany. Additionally Stalin did believe that the Allies would have accepted Poland’s mainly communist or USSR sympathetic government. However, Churchill was not sure about what Stalin intended to do and returned to his strong anti-communism by 1945. Adding to that also Roosevelt shared this point of view. After Roosevelt’s death in April 1945 a new harsher era towards the Soviet Union started to emerge under Truman in power of the USA. As the free elections, which had been decided to be carried out in the Yalta Conference, had not taken place in Poland yet Truman refused to listen to Molotov’s explanations for that. US suspicions about Soviet motives about a security in Eastern Europe increased. However, at the Potsdam Conference hold in July 1945 the decision for the acceptance of Russian plans for Poland was made although the issue of Poland was very complex. Stalin saw it as an issue influencing the life or the death of the Soviet Union. Churchill however saw it as an act of honour. Roosevelt had always been against the idea of a Soviet sphere of influence in Eastern Europe. In Stalin’s point of view however Russia needed this sphere to provide security for the Soviet Union. He created worries about such a sphere, as the new US call for an â€Å"Open Door† policy was introduced, involving the suggestion of not having such spheres of influence. Roosevelt however suggested that those disagreement should be an issue rather as the war would be ended that during the war. This of course motivated or rather gave Stalin the time to ensure Soviet security interests in Eastern Europe. Apart from disagreements about Poland and Eastern Europe there was also a third issue where the USA and the USSR did not agree with each other. Russia had suffered hugely from horrible destruction in the Second World War. As the Axis forces had retreated between 1944 and 1945, they have left systematic destruction behind, destroying 1,700 towns and 17,000 villages. Due to that Stalin saw economic reconstruction as a priority after the war. However, Truman tried everything to contain the Soviet power whenever it was possible. Due to that, at the Potsdam Conference in July 1945, Truman said that the USA would agree to any reparations being paid to Russia by East Germany. However, in return Russia would have to send 60% of the, from West received, goods in form of goods and raw materials back to the West again. In 1944 Russia however agreed to join the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. But when the USSR asked for a 6 billion dollar loan in January 1945, the USA said she would only agree if the Soviet Union would open its Eastern markets to the US capital. Obviously Russia did not accept these conditions. But at the Yalta Conference it was agreed from both sides that a 10 billion dollar loan from Germany would be accepted as a beginning of the reparations. However, as in August 1945 a request for a 1,000 billion dollar loan was ignored by the US side, the USSR increased reparation payments from it own Eastern sector. A final point of disagreements or rather arguments was the drop of the A-bomb of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945 by the USA. This was a slap in the face of the USSR, as at the Yalta Conference it was agreed that Russia and the USA would end the war with Japan together. It was also seen as a refusal to share new US technology with the USSR. Truman did decide that, in order to prevent any Russian communist influence in Asia. Stalin interpreted that behaviour as demonstration of a strong USA next to a weak USSR. Looking at those different factors overall you can say that the most significant problem in the year of 1945 was the dropping of the A-bomb on Nagasaki and Hiroshima in August 1945. You read "How important was Berlin to the development and outbreak of the Cold War, 1945-1961?" in category "Papers" Both the USA and the USSR had shown each other before that they would not work together in certain situations. However, as the USA and the USSR had agreed to finish the war with Japan together after Germany would have been defeated but the USA literally ended that issue on its own it clearly amplified the fact of not wanting to work together. Also it showed that there was a sort of competition going on already and that Truman wanted to prevent any Soviet demands for influence in Asia. He wanted, as far as possible, to contain Soviet power and reduce the Soviet sphere. Secondly we need to look at the time period between the years of 1946 and 1949, which were the years just after the world war when everything was recovering and Germany was split up into different zones. By looking at the end of 1945, we can definitely say, that there were great disputes between the USA and USSR already. The West was also concerned about developments in the Middle East and the eastern Mediterranean, where the US had significant interests. Iran was mainly an area of US concern, as the USSR was feared to spread its influence there. The USSR also replied with saying that they had as much right as the USA to oil. Immediately the Iranian prime minister was urged by the American side, which forced Stalin to back down in order to get a deal of oil concessions. However, Stalin was never really interested in that area which again shows that the competition and tensions were going on and each side tried to use any chance for an argument or a disagreement. The same situation of the Soviet leader backing down happened in the spring and summer of 1946, when concessions from Turkey were opposed and the Russian leader once again backed down. However, the most significant problems of that time period took place in Europe. To start with, we look at Germany and the problem of reparations. Both sides feared during the cold war the country would become part of the opposite camp. At the Potsdam Conference it was agreed that Germany should be divided into four Allied zones and it should act, as one economic unit administered by the ACC. Berlin should also be divvied into four zones and Germany should be demilitarised, de-Nazified, democratised, decentralised and de-industrialised. During there were agreements on that issue, the issue of reparations still seemed to cause problems. Tensions over the political developments in the Soviet Union started to emerge early. The main area was economic, as the USSR supported the idea of a rather agricultural country but the US demanded an industrialised Germany. At the Paris meeting of the Council of foreign ministers, Byrnes decided to test the Soviet co-operation over the Potsdam agreements by the four allies proposing an act that demilitarised Germany for the next 25 years. Russia agreed but still the USA refused to talk about the question of reparations. Further refusals of reparations from the US side were given in July 1945, when Molotov insisted for a 10 billion dollar loan. Additionally demands for reparations were refused again at the Council of Foreign Ministers meeting in Moscow. Furthermore Russia had to accept that there would not be shipping of coal and steel to the USSR anymore and that the USSR would have to give back some of the resources it already received by the West. This proposal however was rejected by the USSR. The Soviet Union saw that as an attempt to build up the Western Germany economy and therefore also saw it as another military, potential threat as it might ally to the more or less enemy USA. The meeting of the Council of Foreign Minister in London in December 1947 was judged to fail even before it took place as Britain and the USA would not agree on any reparations paid to Russia by Germany. However at this meeting the creation of Bizonia was decided, where Britain and the US would join to create a separate West Germany. Then half a year later in 1948, France also decided to join this pact and Trizonia emerged together with the introduction of the Deutschmark, a new currency, which was also introduced in West Berlin a few days later. This of course was a clear statement to the Soviet Union that the USA did not have any intentions to work together with the USSR. Tensions between the two superpowers increased further during the first Berlin Crisis at the Berlin Blockade in 1948. As the USSR did not like the idea of a divided Germany they put pressure on West Berlin by cutting of all road, rail and freight traffics as well as the supply of electricity. This however did not result in a hot war in the Cold War, as the USA replied with a massive airlift delivering food and fuel to West Berlin. It was ended as Stalin also called of the blockade one year later. The USA interpreted that blockade as a statement to drive the Allies out of West Berlin and take over the Western zones of Germany. Therefore in May 1949, the FDR was created. The USSR first did not want accept that division but then in October decided to agree with that division and the GDR was set up in Eastern Germany with the Soviet Control Commission supervising that area. This division of Germany demonstrated the division of whole Europe into two hostile camps. However there were also other events than in Germany at that period of time that further increased the tension between the two superpowers. Firstly Kennan’s Long Telegram where Kennan argued that the USSR was a dangerous and expansionist state due to its security fears, internal politics and leadership as well as its Marxist-Leninist views and ideology. He also said the USA would never be able or willing to co-operate with such a state and therefore this telegram influenced US foreign policy towards the USSR, such as the creation of the policy of containment. Furthermore the Iron Curtain speech by Winston Churchill supported what Kennan’s Long Telegram had already amplified. It argued for an end of compromise and arguing against Roosevelt’s idea at the Yalta Conference to co-operate with the USSR. Stalin saw Churchill as Hitler and immediately interpreted that as a call for war with the USSR. Due to that anti-Western propaganda in the Soviet Union strongly increased. Adding to that Kennan had supported the division of Germany and therefore of Europe before it was even considered at the Council of Foreign Ministers meeting in London. Meanwhile, the USSR pursued a very flexible approach in the years after the war. It might have had expansionist and opportunistic views and parts but after all the Russians were prepared to communicate and co-operate with the US side. But as time developed and tensions increased people with more extreme and harsher views came to power in these hostile camps. John Foster Dulles for example called for military and economic supports for states threatened by communism. Byrnes spent 5,700 billion dollars on stabilising economy outside the Soviet sphere in 1946. If the USSR had wanted economic support all trade barriers should have been called off and the US should have a greater say in economic issues in Eastern Europe. Next to those events that increased the tensions between the USSR and the USA or rather generally events that caused problems we also need to look at the economic crisis in Western Europe between 1946 and 1947. In America, although there was a great media campaign against the communistic Soviet Union, the majority of people were not convinced to give loans to allied countries or to increase the military budget. There was even voted for a cut of Truman’s budget, including military expenditure. However, the bad situation in Western Europe finally seemed to go into the direction of persuading them to change their opinion: Many countries in Europe had suffered horribly in terms of their economy. Furthermore there were bad harvests due to the severe winter in 1946-1947. Additionally communist parties gained more popularity especially in France and in Italy. George Marshall, the secretary of state, said that there would be needed 17 billion dollars to recover Europe’s economy. This was still not enough for the Republican Congress. Only in 1947, when Britain announced that it would not be able anymore to give economic aid to Greece and Turkey everything changed. Acheson linked economic loans to the communist struggle and persuaded people to support Truman’s policy of containment. He argued with the â€Å"rotten apple† theory and the theory of the domino effect. As a response of that the US side set up the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan. As economic aid of 300 million dollars was given to Greece and 100 million dollars to Turkey and military advisors were sent to Greece, Stalin interpreted that as an act to enlarge the US sphere of influence. Coming to the Marshall plan, the US thought it would be able to recover Europe’s economy with a revived German economy. However the agreement about that question failed at the Council of Foreign Ministers meeting in Moscow in April 1947, as the USA still refused to talk about reparations being paid to the USSR and as the USSR was uncompromising about that topic. Then as the Marshall Plan was announced on 5 June 1947 it was clear that the USSR would not accept the conditions and requirements, which the economic aid required to happen. The USA and the USSR saw the Marshall Plan as an attempt to weaken the Soviet control of the East part of Europe. Furthermore the USSR saw it as a statement of â€Å"dollar imperialism† been introduced to establish US influence in Europe. However, the US economic and political domination Europe did not benefit from the Marshall Plan. Tensions between the superpowers increased further as were was a repeated refusal of reparations paid to the USSR by Germany at talks in early June. After that talk it was decided to exclude the USSR from further discussions. Under Andrei Zhdanov the Marshall Plan was even describes as being an act of preparing to extend the US power in order to launch a new world war. In one of his speeches he even describes the world as being divided into two opposing camps, which later was famous as the â€Å"Two-Camps† Doctrine. Furthermore the establishment of Cominform marked the end of the flexible and hesitant foreign policy of the USSR compared to US actions. Finally, as the tension increased more the CIA intervened in Italian and French politics to act against communist influence. This only motivated Stalin’s determination to control Eastern Europe even more and to get rid of those agents in France and Italy. The Soviet Union replied with plans to increase the control of Eastern Europe and also to integrate their economies into the USSRs one. These measure only increased Cold War tensions even more. Now, by looking at all what happened in this time period, we can definitely say that Germany was the biggest problem at that time. The formation of Bizonia and Trizonia clearly amplified that the USA did not want to co-operate with the USSR and that the establishment of two hostile camps was necessary. Furthermore the Berlin blockade showed the same intentions for the USSR, it did not want to work with the USA. Finally he introduction of the Deutschmark symbolised a clear separation between Western Germany/USA and Eastern Europe/USSR. Finally we need to look at the time period between 1954 and 1961 to judge whether Berlin or rather Germany was the biggest problem in the years between 1945 and 1961. After Stalin’s death in 1953 Khrushchev came to power in the USSR. This year marked a development towards better relationships as now Stalin was dead and therefore the extremist views about the US seemed to rest for a certain period of time. The new leader of the Soviet Union seemed to be keen about compromising with the West, as he was less paranoid than Stalin. For Khrushchev Berlin was an embarrassing problem and he wanted to find a solution for that problem. He tried to create better relationships also to avoid a nuclear war. However, as we look at the years between 1958 and 1961 and therefore and the second Berlin crisis we can see that there were also moments of disagreements and argument as there before already. The second Berlin crisis emerged as Khrushchev set up the first Berlin Ultimatum. This meant that the West had to sign a formal peace with Germany and agree that West Berlin should become demilitarised as well as an international area. If that would not be signed there would be a separate peace signed with the GDR handing over the control of the access routes into West Berlin. These moves were firstly done to prevent West Berlin from becoming a nuclear power but also to impress Chinese communist leaders and his own people. Although Khrushchev gave them a time limit of sixth months to sign the Ultimatum neither the act of signing happened nor was a peace signed the GDR. By 1959 however, 200,000 people were moving from East Berlin to West Berlin each year badly affecting the East Berlin economy. Ulbricht wanted to unify Berlin, as he did not want any West be present in East Germany, whereas Khrushchev wanted divisions to occur between the two areas. After the Vienna Summit, Khrushchev gave his OK for Ulbricht the building of a physical Berlin division and set another six months deadline for the West to sign a peace pact. However, as by August 1961 there were 20,00 0 refugees moving to West Berlin Khrushchev approved the Berlin border to be secured between 3 and 5 August. At first a barbed wire was set up and by 13 August the building of a wall was completed. The Berlin Wall remained as Cold War image until the pull down in November 1989 when the Cold War moved away from Germany, Europe. The wall however also solved any problems that had ever existed between West and East Berlin although the US made a shell force in West Berlin after its set up. This and the famous â€Å"face-off† between Russian and American tanks at Checkpoint Charlie finally increased tensions. However, by 1963 the Berlin Crisis was pretty much over. Another incident, where the tensions rose again and relationships became worse was at the Paris Summit and the U-2 incident. At that time West Berlin did not want to make any further concessions of East Berlin. On 1 May 1960 a USSR missile brought down a U-2 spy plane of the USA flying over the USSR. Eisenhower was hugely embarrassed for that but thought he did not apologise for this. As a reaction Khrushchev cancelled Eisenhower’s visit in the USSR and the Paris Summit failed. Additionally the Soviets proposed a confederation between the two German states leaving alliances to the NATO and the Warsaw Pact. West saw that as first moves to wards a unification and German disarmament. This however was resisted due to West Berlin as an espionage base behind the Iron Curtain. This stalemate continued until the free elections in the GDR. However, a first moment of agreement about a certain issue was when the US decided to accept the idea of a neutral Austria and a reduction of direct American influence over Austria. Although Khrushchev followed the theory of â€Å"Peaceful Coexistence† he thought there still could be an international transition to socialism. This was also amplified by his foreign policy, which was established in 1956. It said that in the new nuclear age, peaceful coexistence was possible and necessary. First steps towards that was the establishment of the Warsaw Pact in 1955, which was also a response to Western Germany becoming member of the NATO. The Warsaw Pact was a military alliance between the Soviet Union and all East European countries allied to the USSR, involving East Germany. However, there was one clause in the Pact that said if there was a general European treaty of collective security signed, the Pact should be dissolved. This clearly marked the beginning of better relationships. A second moment of representing and developing friendship between those countries was the Geneva Summit in July 1955. Nuclear weapons and Germany were the main issues that were discussed. The fact that discussions were taking place showed an improvement to the relationship between Stalin and Truman. Although there were made agreements on the need for less confrontation and more co-operations, as well as for a stop of testing nuclear weapons, there was still a disagreement about disarmament, European security and control of nuclear weapons. The idea of a united Germany was also rejected. Eisenhower’s â€Å"Open Skies† proposal was therefore rejected by Khrushchev but U-2 spy planes carried on doing their spy flights anyway. Another moment of friendship and peace was, when Eisenhower invited Khrushchev to Camp David, where he also agreed to withdraw his Ultimatum although the US did not make any concessions. Further discussions should take place at the Paris Summit in May 1960. As a final conclusion, you can definitely say that Germany and especially Berlin was a major factor for the development of the Cold War. The issue if West Berlin being inside the heart of East Germany had always caused huge trouble such as the Berlin Blockade as well as the second Berlin crisis. If a divided Germany had not existed there would not have been that many problems. For example the first Berlin crisis, where Stalin ordered to completely cut off West Berlin from any supplies of the East and the Western part of Germany, nearly a hot war broke out. Furthermore a divided Germany had always represented a divided world at that time. At one side there was communism whereas on the other side there was capitalism. How to cite How important was Berlin to the development and outbreak of the Cold War, 1945-1961?, Papers

Effective Evaluation of Marketing Campaign

Question: Discuss about the Effective Evaluation of Marketing Campaign. Answer: Introduction: In the present competitive business environment, it has become necessary for the organizations to focus on the effective development of marketing strategies for achieving sustainable growth in the market. The implemented strategies of the organizations play significant role in fulfilling all the business objectives in an appropriate manner (Paul and Bihani 2014). Specifically, organizations that are doing businesses in the extremely competitive business sectors like retail will have to be extremely cautious regarding the implemented marketing strategies. Otherwise, it will become very difficult for the organizations to sustain its position in the market. In this study, the focus will be provided on a retail organization namely JB HI FI that are doing business in the Australia and New Zealand market. The report will focus on the effective evaluation of the factors that can actually create impact on the overall business processes. The report will also highlight the prime areas that JB HI FI has focused to create maximum impact with the initiated marketing strategies. It has been assessed that effective evaluation of the factors will help JB HI FI to identify the threat factors in an appropriate manner. As a result, it will definitely help to increase the effectiveness of the implemented marketing strategies. The report will also focus on the effective evaluation of the strategies initiated by the competitors for the effective development of counter strategies for fulfilling all the marketing objectives. The report will also focus on providing recommendations to JB HI FI so that it can able to increase its market penetration power in an appropriate way. Marketing background of the company: JB HI FI is the retailer in the consumer goods segments that are primarily focusing on the Australian and New Zealand market for fulfilling all its business objectives. The organization is primarily focusing on to provide Blue-rays, DVDs, electronic hardware and CDs for achieving desired sales objective in an appropriate manner. With the innovative marketing and promotional strategies, it has able to create great amount of popularity in the potential market. In fact, JB HI FI is regarded as one of the most successful and fastest growing businesses of its kind. JB HI FI is a publicly listed organization that has head quarter in the Melbourne areas. Presently, the organization has around 135 stores in several prime areas of Australia. JB HI FI has able to enhance the revenue level around A$4 billion that suggested the market penetration power of the organization (jbhifi.com.au 2016). It has been assessed that JB HI FI has always focused on the effective evaluation of the sustainability factors for creating desired impact on the marketplaces. Firstly, JB HI FI has focused on the development of the strategies for creating positive impact on the environmental condition. For that reason, JB HI FI has focused on the development of the strategies that can reduce the adverse impact on the ecosystem in long run. For that reason, JB HI FI has focused on reducing the use of raw materials on the operational process. In addition, it has also tried to utilize effective packaging system so that environmental condition of the society remains at the highest level (Kotler et al. 2015). Secondly, JB HI FI has also focused on the effective maintenance of employees so that they remain associated with the organization for a long period of time. For that reason, JB HI FI has always focused on providing additional benefits to the internal resources for enhancing the effectiveness of th e operational process. Thirdly, JB HI FI has also focused on the effective utilization of the policies so that it can able to handle the issues related to social sustainability perspectives in an appropriate manner (Castaldo, Grosso and Premazzi 2013). For that reason, JB HI FI has also tried to influence all it s suppliers to conduct businesses in such a way so that it can able to meet all the social norms in an appropriate manner. JB HI FI has always focused on the maintenance of long-term relationship with all the stakeholders so that the entire business processes can be performed within the social norms. Fourthly, JB HI FI has focused on avoiding all economic sustainability risks associated with the businesses. For that reason, the organization has developed several operating plans so that it can able to produce desired level of output in an appropriate manner (Bhowal and Paul 2014). It has focused on the effective utilization of advanced machinery so that it can able to fulfil all the requirements of the market in an effective manner. Fifthly, JB HI FI has focused on the maintenance of legislative rules and regulations so that the entire operational process remains at the highest order. JB HI FI has focused on the maintenance of legislative rules regarding the trade practices for representing itself as a responsible corporate citizen. Thus, the initiated practices have helped the organization to achieve popularity in the desired marketplaces (Wedel, Zhang and Feinberg 2015). Marketing Mix: As per the article by Berthon et al. (2012), marketing mix is among the most popular tools that marketers utilize to penetrate the desired market in an appropriate manner. It allows marketers to identify the elements that can provide competitive advantage in the market. The marketing mix of JB HI FI described as follows: Product: JB HI FI primarily deals in the retail segments where it offers comprehensive range of electronic products. The product segment of the organizations includes items like CDs and DVDs and other computer appliances that people require in their daily life. JB HI FI product portfolio also include products like advanced video games, electronic wrist bands, play stations, which are capable of grabbing the attention of the potential customers in an appropriate way. The organization has included top electronic brands like Sony, Casio and Microsoft Xbox products to create maximum impact on the market (jbhifi.com.au 2016). Furthermore, as JB HI FI is selling advanced electronic gadgets, it has focused on the effective enhancement of the popularity among the youth aged between 12-35 years. For that reason, JB HI FI always has focused on highlight all its products in a colourful way so that it can easily grab the attention of the potential customers in an appropriate way. Price: As per the article by Armstrong et al. (2012), effective utilization of pricing strategy is extremely crucial for reaching to all potential customers in an appropriate manner. JB HI FI has focused on the effective utilization of low cost strategy for enhancing its reach in Australian and New Zealand market. In fact, the business slogan of JB HI FI Always cheapest price indicates the fact that the organization is looking to gain competitive price advantage from all its competitors in order to attract people from the desired market in an appropriate manner. The prime objective of JB HI FI for selecting economic pricing technique is to penetrate different portion of the market. In fact, JB HI FI has initiated range of pricing strategies with the objective of gaining market share even at the expense of loss (Sheau-Ting, Mohammed and Weng-Wai 2013). Moreover, JB HI FI has also focused on the discounting pricing technique on broad range of computer and gaming products for ensuring the atte ntion level of the potential customers remain at the highest order. Promotion: As highlighted by Huang and Sarigll (2014) promotional strategy can create major impact on the overall effectiveness of the business processes for an organization. For that reason, each organization is looking to include unique marketing or promotional strategies for creating maximum impact on the potential market. JB HI FI has primarily focused on the direct marketing and sponsorship programs for grabbing the attention of the potential customers. In addition, JB HI FI has also focused on effective utilization of personal selling technique for retaining the customers for long period of time. JB HI FI also has focused on the effective utilization of advertising technique for increasing the popularity level in the market. Now, JB HI FI has focused on the print media and official website for the effective utilization of advertisement techniques so that the promotional message can reach to all potential customers. Moreover, as social media has become an integral part of youths life, JB H I FI has tried to utilize it in such a way so that the promotional strategy can create maximum impact on the overall business processes. Physical distribution: As highlighted by Leonidou, Katsikeas and Morgan (2013) development of well-structured physical distribution network is necessary for fulfilling the business requirements in an appropriate manner. It has been assessed that the process by which products actually reach to its potential customers can have major impact on the overall revenue level of the organizations. For that reason, JB HI FI has tried to develop retail outlets in almost all the prime areas in Australian market. Presently, JB HI FI has 124 retail outlets in the Australian market and 10 in New Zealand market. Furthermore, JB HI FI has focused on effective enhancement of the number of outlets for increasing the revenue level in an appropriate manner. Furthermore, JB HI FI has consciously tried to develop stores in prime shopping malls or popular places for creating maximum impact on the potential market (Berman and Evans 2013). In addition, JB HI FI also has focused on the development of smaller outlets to enhance the pr esent level of business in an appropriate manner. Competitor analysis: As per the article by Glanz, Bader and Iyer (2012) competitor analysis is important for the organizations in order to create desired impact on the marketplaces. Specifically, as the competition in the global market increasing in continues manner, it has induced all the organizations to focus on the development of effective counter strategies for fulfilling all the business responsibilities in an appropriate manner. Now, JB HI FI is regarded as one of the fastest growing electronic and gaming products selling organizations in the Australian market. Therefore, it also has to face immense competition from different competitors including The Good Guys, Harvey Norman, Big W, David Jones and Target Australia for sustaining its position in the market. It has been assessed that all the competitors of JB HI FI has focused on providing similar types of products in the Australian market. Furthermore, organizations like Harvey Norman and Target Australia has able to develop retail outlets in dif ferent parts of the Australian market. As a result, it has helped the organizations to capture prime portion of the potential Australian market. Hanssens et al. (2014) have highlighted organizations like Harvey Norman has created direct competition with JB HI FI for capturing the attention of the youths living in Australian market. On the other hand, organizations like Big W and Target Australia has created indirect competition, as they have tried to diversify the product range in other departments as well (Kim et al. 2014). For instance, David Jones and Big W have also focused on providing clothing garments to the potential market as well. On the other hand, organizations like Harvey Norman and The Good Guys have restricted their businesses within the electronic sectors only. However, Lund and Marinova (2014) highlighted the fact that utilization of economic pricing strategy has helped JB HI FI to gain popularity in the market in a greater way. For that reason, Harvey Norman and The Good Guys also have tried to utilize economic pricing strategy in order to created desired impact on the potential market. However, the price level of these organizations is still higher than the JB HI FI, which has played a major part in grabbing the market share in an appropriate manner. As JB HI FI is ready to sale products even at loss, it has become very difficult for the competitors to gain advantage from pricing strategies. In case of promotion, all the competitors of JB HI FI have focused on the effective utilization of several promotional tools for creating desired impact on the market. For instance, Harvey Norman has tried to utilize direct marketing campaign for educating potential customers regarding the products and services of the organizations (Samli 2015). On t he other hand, The Good Guys have focused on the personal selling approach for enhancing the satisfaction level of the customers, which is necessary for retaining them for a longer period of time. The promotional strategies of the competitors also have focused on the effective utilization of increasing popularity of internet for reaching to the potential customers (Singh 2012). For that reason, all the competitors have developed prominent websites for providing information to the customers in an appropriate way. Moreover, social media also has been used by the competitors for grabbing the attention of the young generation for achieving sustainable growth in the market (George 2015). Finally, competitors also have focused on the effective utilization of physical distribution network for fulfilling the business objectives in an effective way. For that reason, organizations Big W and Target Australia has focused to developing retail stores on all the prime areas in Australian market. T he competitors have also targeted popular shopping malls and multiplexes for achieving desired sales revenue from the market. Recommendations: The above discussion has highlighted the fact that the implemented business or marketing strategies of JB HI FI has able to create huge impact on enhancing the popularity in the Australian market. However, as the competition is increasing, JB HI FI has to face several challenges associated with the business processes in order to maintain the growth rate in an appropriate manner. Thus, the recommended business strategies for JB HI FI are provided as follows: Effective utilization of pricing strategy: As mentioned earlier, JB HI FI has focused on selling products even at loss for grabbing major share of the market. However, selling products at loss is not an optimal business strategy, as it can create difficulties for the organizations in achieving sustainable growth in the market (Singh 2012). Therefore, it is necessary for the JB HI FI to set the price at such level where organization can actually grab fare share of the market. Increase number of tools used for promotional campaign: Now, in order to set the price level high, JB HI FI will have to focus more on the effective utilization of promotional tools. It has been assessed that utilization of more number of promotional tools help to educate people in an effective manner. Therefore, JB HI FI also has to utilize television advertisements, radio advertisements to educate the people regarding the quality of products and services they provide to the market. Diversify product range: JB HI FI also needs to focus on increasing the product range for maintain the growth rate in the market. For instance, JB HI FI can also diversify its product range apart from electronic products for increasing the revenue level in an appropriate manner. Global market: Presently, JB HI FI is primarily doing businesses in the Australian market and it also has few branches in the New Zealand market as well. However, the organization is still has not focused on the global market for enhancing the revenue level. Therefore, it has become necessary for the organizations to focus on the global market to achieve sustainable growth in the market. Conclusions: The above discussion has highlighted the fact that effective utilization of marketing or promotional technique is necessary for fulfilling all the business responsibilities in an appropriate manner. Organizations will have to focus on the effective evaluation of several factors for fulfilling all the responsibilities in an appropriate manner. It has been assessed that JB HI FI has able to utilize effective marketing campaign for fulfilling all the business objectives. However, there is still scope for JB HI FI to enhance the effectiveness of the marketing campaign for achieving sustainable growth in the market. References: Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M. and Brennan, R., 2012.Marketing: an introduction. Pearson Prentice-Hall, London. Berman, B.R. and Evans, J.R., 2013.Retail management: a strategic approach. Pearson Higher Ed. Berthon, P.R., Pitt, L.F., Plangger, K. and Shapiro, D., 2012. Marketing meets Web 2.0, social media, and creative consumers: Implications for international marketing strategy.Business horizons,55(3), pp.261-271. Bhowal, A. and Paul, T., 2014. Mutual Fund Investors' Expectation and Experience Gap-A study from the'Customer Convenience'Dimension of 4C marketing mix.Asian Journal of Research in Marketing,3(1), p.183. Castaldo, S., Grosso, M. and Premazzi, K., 2013.Retail and channel marketing. Edward Elgar Publishing. George, W.R., 2015. Internal marketing for retailers: The junior executive employee. InProceedings of the 1984 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 322-325). Springer International Publishing. Glanz, K., Bader, M.D. and Iyer, S., 2012. Retail grocery store marketing strategies: an integrative review.American journal of preventive medicine,42(5), pp.503-512. Hanssens, D.M., Pauwels, K.H., Srinivasan, S., Vanhuele, M. and Yildirim, G., 2014. Consumer attitude metrics for guiding marketing mix decisions.Marketing Science,33(4), pp.534-550. Huang, R. and Sarigll, E., 2014. How brand awareness relates to market outcome, brand equity, and the marketing mix. InFashion Branding and Consumer Behaviors(pp. 113-132). Springer New York. jbhifi.com.au, 2016. JB Hi-Fi | Australias Largest Home Entertainment Retailer. [online] Jbhifi.com.au. Available at: https://www.jbhifi.com.au [Accessed 21 Dec. 2016]. Kim, K.P., Kim, Y.O., Lee, M.K. and Youn, M.K., 2014. The effects of co-brand marketing mix strategies on customer satisfaction, trust and loyalty for medium and small traders and manufacturers.E+ M Ekonomie a Management, (1), p.140. Kotler, P., Burton, S., Deans, K., Brown, L. and Armstrong, G., 2015.Marketing. Pearson Higher Education AU. Leonidou, C.N., Katsikeas, C.S. and Morgan, N.A., 2013. Greening the marketing mix: do firms do it and does it pay off?.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,41(2), pp.151-170. Lund, D.J. and Marinova, D., 2014. Managing revenue across retail channels: The interplay of service performance and direct marketing.Journal of Marketing,78(5), pp.99-118. Miller, D., 2014. Retail Marketing: A Branding and Innovation Appraoach. Paul, T. and Bihani, P., 2014. Expectation Based Customer Oriented Marketing Mix-A Conceptual Framework.International Journal of Research and Development-A Management Review (IJRDMR),3(1), pp.53-60. Samli, A.C., 2015. Retail Marketing Strategy Development. InCoping with Retail Giants(pp. 17-25). Palgrave Macmillan US. Sheau-Ting, L., Mohammed, A.H. and Weng-Wai, C., 2013. What is the optimum social marketing mix to market energy conservation behaviour: an empirical study.Journal of environmental management,131, pp.196-205. Singh, M., 2012. Marketing Mix of 4PS for Competitive Advantage.IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSRJBM),3(6), pp.40-45. Wedel, M., Zhang, J. and Feinberg, F., 2015. Implementing Retail Category Management: a Model-Based Approach to Setting Optimal Markups.Customer Needs and Solutions,2(2), pp.165-176.

Should physical education be a mandatory class free essay sample

Canada is a nation, where physical education was once mandatory. However, now it seems that society discourages physical education by cutting gym classes in schools, and reducing physical activities in classrooms. Some schools make physical education a choice which most should disagree with. It is important for students to stay physically fit at all times. This is a healthy consideration that will help students fight obesity, high cholesterol and blood pressure. Therefore, physical education should be mandatory in all schools because students need to be active and understand the concept of healthy living. Having regular exercise is an advantage as it helps students to be physically fit and healthy, high academic achievement, and reduces health care. â€Å"Living healthy† is a powerful statement that has different meanings such as living longer, having low blood pressure and reducing the risk of getting diabetes. Having a healthy lifestyle with an exercise routine is a very healthy act of living, as it reduces stress and helps people focus on how to properly take care of the body. We will write a custom essay sample on Should physical education be a mandatory class? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Physical education helps students improve their knowledge about health issues leading to a more enjoyable life. Yet, some students do face challenges when performing physical activities, though it’s never too late to learn. Physical education is not a dangerous activity, it gets dangerous when students act irresponsible and take it to the extreme. Physical education is an important class that every school should have room for. Some students dislike physical education because they feel that its a waste of time as it takes away time from other classes, however most student do not know the importance of physical education. On the other hand, each and every student has the right to choose, making physical education a choice. If they do not care, forcing them to participate in physical education would not help. This may be true, but without physical education, this can lead to an obesity crisis with students. Physical education also helps students academically. It helps students focus and pay attention in class. Studies show that Physical education positively affects overweight and obesity, HDL cholesterol, Blood pressure, Insulin resistance, Skeletal health, Musculoskeletal injuries, Psychological  well-being, Self-esteem, and Anxiety/depression. The more physical activities people participate in, it increases their health benefits positively. According to McMaster University, â€Å"Most intervention studies used supervised programs of moderate to vigorous physical activity of 30 to 45 minutes duration 3 to 5 days per week. The panel believed that a greater amount of physical activity would be necessary to achieve similar beneficial effects on health and behavioral outcomes in ordinary daily circumstances.† People value different things. Some people may highly value the health benefits of physical activity. Others want to be active because they enjoy recreational activities or they want to look better or sleep better. Some people want to be active because it helps them lose weight or it gives them a chance to spend time with friends.

Human Growth Behaviour And Development Social Work Essays

Human Growth Behaviour And Development Social Work Essays Human Growth Behaviour And Development Social Work Paper Human Growth Behaviour And Development Social Work Paper Attachment theory derives from psychoanalyic psychological science, nevertheless it is used in societal work to try to understand behavior in babyhood and childhood to demo the manner in which kids develop emotionally WALKER 2009 This theory centres on the thought that kids need to organize unafraid relationships with other people, such as parents or defenders, as it is a important contributer to their emotional development. Social bonds and relationships that are made in early childhood are believed to act upon an persons life and can impact upon their wellbeing to find their emotional and societal stableness later in life. Consequently, fond regard is seen as an built-in constituent within babies and immature childrens lives, as these experiences can determine a individuals personality and individuality in future old ages. ( WALKER, J and K, CRAWFORD 2010 ) . If these experiences of fond regard are negative, and the kid does non develop equal relationships with their health professionals, so this can hold detremental effects on their psychological and emotional development. ( WALKER, J 2009 ) . The Attachment theory originates from the thoughts of John Bowlby who believes that worlds are biological predispositioned to seek fond regard from others. He proposes that endurance is closely related to the ability to possess emotional bonds with other persons ( GREEN 2003 ) . This is because by organizing an fond regard with an authorization figure who is seen as the stronger of the species, this reduces the exposure of the person as it provides increased security and protection from injury posed by possible marauders ( BOWLBY 1958, cited in LISHMAN 2007 ) . The theory looks at the manner that attachment relationships are formed, and the grounds behind their manifestation. Children are seen to organize these relationships for grounds such as safety, comfort and to supply guidence. These attachment behavior, harmonizing to larning theoreticians, are displayed in babyhood through speaking, express joying and shouting. This enables them to persue their basic demands for endurance, su ch as nutrient for nurishment, by their fond regard to their female parent who is able to back up them in carry throughing their demands ( WALKER, J and K, CRAWFORD 2010 ) . This initial fond regard to health professionals besides guides the persons ideas, feelings and outlooks as they become cognizant of peoples responses towards them which help them recognize how to act ( WALKER 2009 ) . There are four premises of Bowlby s fond regard theory which effort to explicate his beliefs. The first, is that babies and immature kids develop emotional ties with persons early in life, which acts as a biological map and plays an built-in portion to their endurance. The 2nd premise is that the manner a kid is treated early in life has a major lending factor to their future relationships and the manner their personality is formed. The 3rd premise is that attachment behavior can organize an internal working theoretical account which guide the kid s ideas, feelings and outlooks as a consequence of the reactions of others towards their behavior. The concluding premise of Bowlby s fond regard theory is that although it is hard to change attachment behavior, it is non impossible, thereofre there is the possibility of change at any point in life, both in a positive and negative manner ( GREEN 2003 ) . Although babies and immature kids are able to hold more than one attachment figure, they are still affected when they are exposed to seperation from their primary attachment figure. This can go on for many grounds, such as a kid being removed from a household place and placed into attention, or possibly decease. This can be a really distressful and confusing clip for a kid as they are diffident of who to turn to for security and protection. This is apparent in societal work pattern in cases where an abused kid wants to stay with its parents, even though it is non a stable or supportive fond regard ( LISHMAN 2006 ) . Bowlby proposed that kids who have experienced seperation from their chief attachment figure will endure in a procedure affecting protest, dispair and withdrawal, in an effort to get the better of their loss ( BOWLBY 1958, cited in LISHMAN 2006 ) . However, although Bowlby provided an of import part to the thought of fond regard, his research can be criticised in many ways. This is because Bowlby tends to concentrate his thoughts on one primary figure of fond regard, frequently the female parent, when it is possible for kids to organize fond regards with other people within their lives such as their male parent. Besides, developing relationships with other people alongside the attachment figure is besides of import, this is because holding to trust on the caregiving relationship of one individual can be damaging due to the fact it frequently consequences in dependence and does non let other relationships to be formed with others, which can the impede the societal and emotional development of the kid ( WALKER, J and K, CRAWFORD 2010 ) . Harmonizing to Lishman ( 2007 ) , the fond regard theory believes that when a kid is stressed or afraid, they exhibit peculiar behavior and emotions which can be perceived as fond regard. This is because they seek protection from injury through the aid and security of an grownup who they see as stronger than themselves. This is closly linked to two types of behavioral systems: the explorative behavioral system and the fear behavioral system. The explorative behavioral system is based of the belief that when an baby or immature kid feels comfy and safe, the attachment behavior remains hibernating and hence the kid will be willing to research the people around them and their milieus. However, if a kid feels threatened or vulnerable, the fright behavioral system will go active, where the kid will no longer seek geographic expedition and alternatively they will seek protection from their attachment figure and exhibit behavior related to that fond regard. However, the behavior that they display is non intended to arouse fondness from the attachment figure, alternatively it is to A ; acirc ; ˆ?regain a province of equilibrium A ; acirc ; ˆA? ( p59 ) . This means that babies and immature kids are non dependent upon the caregiving nature of the attachment figure, alternatively their purpose is to decrease their frights. There is a categorization of fond regard forms which identifies four different types of fond regard, which attempts to enanble professionals to measure immature childrens behavior and emotions ( secure, ambivalent, avoident and disorganised ) . Secure fond regard is based of the belief that kids depend upon their health professional as a base for geographic expedition. The health professional is available to the kid and responds to the kids demands, therefore the kid behaves in a positive mode. Ambivalent attachment expressions at how kids are unwilling to research their milieus as the health professional is non consistent in their support. This can go forth the kid distressed, clingy and dependant. The 3rd class is avoident forms of fond regard, and features an unresponsive health professional, therefore the kid feels rejected and they view themelves as dependent whilst actively avoiding or disregarding the health professionals presence. And eventually, disorganized fond regard is w here kids are fearful of their health professionals, and they themselves may experience confused or depressed. This type of fond regard is most frequently seen in kids who have suffered maltreatment ( HOWE 2001, cited in LISHMAN 2007 ) . How a critical apprehension of Attachment Theory can lend to Social Work Practice. Social workers are seen to hold three functions to play when working within an attachment position: appraisal, planning and direct work with kids, parents and carers. Assessment looks at countries within fond regard such as the demands of a kid, the rearing that they receive, their emotional and behavioral development and the relationships which they have formed. There are besides trials created specifically for mensurating fond regard, such as Ainsworth s alien trial which provide an indicant of the form and quality of their fond regards. The 2nd function, planning, looks at how be aftering for new fond regards when puting kids with new households needs to be approached carefully. This is because they need happening the most suited parenting figures where new fond regards can be made. The 3rd function is direct work with kids, parents and carers. This is because direct contact and communicating is necessary to accomplish the best possible result when working with kids and households. For illustration, when a kid has been removed from their place and is being placed with new carers, direct work can supply support to the kid to fix them for alteration. It can besides be utile with the adoptive or surrogate household to supply guidence and support towards what to anticipate and to assist with any jobs they face ( LISHMAN 2007 ) Attachment theory has been used within societal work pattern as the footing for many kid attention policies. This is because the thought of a baby or kid being attached to their household, which can act upon their development in many ways, has been used as the footing for many statute law ( LISHMAN 2007 ) . For illustration, Sure Start Children s Centres have been introduced in response to the importancy of household support to enable them to construct and keep positive household relationships ( LAMING REPORT 2009, cited in BRAMMER 2010 ) . Attachment theory had besides contributed to policies such as shared parental duty, as it has emhasised the demand for emotional and societal relationships with health professionals, whilst besides proposing possible effects to a kid development and the negative impact later in life if these demands were non met efficaciously. ( LISHMAN 2007 ) . Attachment theory besides provides guidence to enable societal workers to judge the quality of a relationship between a kid and it s parents. This can enable them to derive an apprehension of at what point, if at any, intercession is necessary as it gives them the ability to measure the fond regard that is present within the relationship. The fond regard theory besides gives a more comprehensive apprehension of the loss experienced by an baby or kid when they lose their chief attachment figure. This means that people working within societal work pattern are cognizant of the common and typical behaviors of a kid who is traveling through this procedure and can therefore back up them to get the better of it. A farther manner the fond regard theory is used to profit societal work pattern is that as it is known that fond regard figures are necessary for kids to develop adequately, persons such as adoptive parents can be taught to exhibit behavior which will promote new attachmentment from the kid which is needed for personal growing ( WALKER, J and K, CRAWFORD 2010 ) . However, attention demands to be taken when puting a kid with a new household as to forestall a repeating loss of fond regard figures which can do them to fault themeselves and produce feelings of ineptitude. This can intend guaranting that the kid is appropriatly prepared and ready to organize new bonds of fond regard and that the new carers of the kid receive sufficient support within their function. ( LISHMAN 2007 ) . Attachment theory can besides be linked to the manner in which a female parent bonds with her new born babe. However, these early bonds are non entirely restricted to female parents, it is besides possible for male parents. Although, this bond is typically formed within the first few hours after birth as the female parent and babe connect both physically and emotionally. The initial bond that is made is thought to hold a important consequence on their hereafter relationship as it is the beginning of their attachment . This cognition enables societal workers to back up female parents who are peculiarly vulnerable to hapless parenting, although this is merely effectual if the support continues throughout the first few months after the babe is born.. However, it is of import to observe that merely because a female parent fails to accomplish an initial bond with her babe, this does non intend that maltreatment is inevitable. How are issues of diversity relevant to human growing, behavior and development? GREEN, V. 2003. Emotional development in Psychoanalysis, Attachment Theory and Neuroscience: Creating Connections. East Sussex: Brunner-Routledge LISHMAN, J. 2007. Handbook for Practice and Learning in Social Work and Social Care: Knowledge and Theory. London: Jessica Kingsley WALKER, J and K, CRAWFORD. 2010. Social Work and Human Development. Exeter: Learning Matters WALKER, J. 2008. Analyzing for Your Social Work Degree. Exeter: Learning Matters BRAMMER, 2010. Social Work Law. London: Longman

Gerrymandering - Definition and Examples in Politics

Gerrymandering s in Politics Gerrymandering is the act of drawing congressional, state legislative or other political boundaries to favor a political party or one particular candidate for elected office. The purpose of gerrymandering is to grant one party power over another by creating districts that hold dense concentrations of voters who are favorable to their policies. Impact The physical impact of gerrymandering can be seen on any map of congressional districts. Many boundaries zig and zag east and west, north and south across city, township and county lines as if for no reason at all. But the political impact is much more significant. Gerrymandering reduces the number of competitive congressional races across the United States by segregating like-minded voters from each other. Gerrymandering has become common in American politics and is often blamed for the gridlock in Congress, polarization of the electorate and disenfranchisement among voters. President Barack Obama, speaking in his final State of the Union address in 2016, called on both the Republican and Democratic parties to end the practice. â€Å"If we want a better politics, it’s not enough just to change a congressman or change a senator or even change a president. We have to change the system to reflect our better selves. I think weve got to end the practice of drawing our congressional districts so that politicians can pick their voters, and not the other way around. Let a bipartisan group do it.† In the end, though, most cases of gerrymandering are legal.   Harmful Effects Gerrymandering  often leads to disproportionate politicians from one party being elected to office. And it creates districts of voters who are socioeconomically, racially or politically alike so that members of Congress are safe from potential challengers and, as a result, have little reason to compromise with their colleagues from the other party.   The process is marked by secrecy, self-dealing and backroom logrolling among elected officials. The public is largely shut out of the process, wrote  Erika L. Wood, the director of the Redistricting Representation Project at the Brennan Center for Justice at New York University School of Law. In the 2012 congressional elections, for example, Republicans won 53 percent of the popular vote but carried three out of four House seats in states where they oversaw redistricting. The same was true for Democrats. In states where they controlled the process of drawing congressional district boundaries, they captured seven out of 10 seats with only 56 percent of the popular vote. Any Laws Against It? The U.S. Supreme Court, ruling in 1964, called for a fair and equitable distribution of voters among congressional districts, but its ruling dealt mostly with the actual number of voters in each and whether they were rural or urban, not the partisan or racial makeup of each: Since the achieving of fair and effective representation for all citizens  is concededly the basic aim of legislative apportionment, we conclude that the Equal Protection Clause guarantees the opportunity for equal participation by all voters in the election of state legislators. Diluting the weight of votes because of place of residence impairs basic constitutional rights under the Fourteenth Amendment just as much as invidious discriminations based upon factors such as race  or economic status. The federal Voting Rights Act of 1965  took on the issue of using race as a factor in drawing congressional districts, saying it is illegal to deny minorities their constitutional right  Ã¢â‚¬Å"to participate in the political process and to elect representatives of their choice.† The law  was designed to end discrimination against black Americans, particularly those in the South after the Civil War. A state may take race into account as one of several factors when drawing district lines- but without a compelling reason, race cannot be the predominant reason for a district’s shape, according to the Brennan Center for Justice. The Supreme Court followed up in 2015 by saying states could form independent, nonpartisan commissions to redraw legislative and congressional boundaries. How It Happens Attempts to gerrymander happen only once a decade and soon after years ending in a zero. That’s because states are required by law to redraw all 435 congressional and legislative boundaries based on the decennial census every 10 years. The redistricting process begins soon after the U.S. Census Bureau completes its work and begins sending data back to the states. Redistricting must be completed in time for the 2012 elections. Redistricting is one of the most important processes in American politics. The way congressional and legislative boundaries are drawn determines who wins federal and state elections, and ultimately which political party holds the power in making crucial policy decisions. Gerrymandering is not hard,  Sam Wang, the founder of Princeton Universitys Election Consortium, wrote in 2012. He continued: The core technique is to jam voters likely to favor your opponents into a few throwaway districts where the other side will win lopsided victories, a strategy known as packing. Arrange other boundaries to win close victories, cracking opposition groups into many districts. Examples The most concerted effort to redraw political boundaries to benefit a political party in modern history happened after the 2010 census. The project, orchestrated by Republicans using sophisticated software and about $30 million, was called  REDMAP, for Redistricting Majority Project. The program began with successful efforts to regain majorities in key states including  Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, North Carolina, Florida, and Wisconsin. Republican strategist Karl Rove wrote in The Wall Street Journal before the midterm elections in 2010: The political world is fixated on whether this years elections will deliver an epic rebuke of President Barack Obama and his party. If that happens, it could end up costing Democrats congressional seats for a decade to come. He was right. The Republican victories in statehouses across the country allowed the GOP in those states to then control the redistricting process taking effect in 2012 and shape congressional races, and ultimately policy, until the next census in 2020.   Who is Responsible? Both major political parties are responsible for the misshapen legislative and congressional districts in the United States. In most cases, the process of drawing congressional and legislative boundaries is left to state legislatures. Some states impanel special commissions. Some redistricting commissions are expected to resist political influence and act independently from the parties and the elected officials in that state. But not all. Here’s a breakdown of who is responsible for redistricting in each state: State legislatures: In 30 states, the elected state lawmakers are responsible for drawing their own legislative districts and in 31 states the boundaries for the congressional districts in their states, according to the Brennan Center for Justice at New York University’s School of Law. The governors in most of those states have the authority to veto the plans. The states that allow their legislatures to perform the redistricting are: AlabamaDelaware (Legislative districts only)FloridaGeorgiaIllinoisIndianaKansasKentuckyLouisianaMaine (Congressional districts only)MarylandMassachusettsMinnesotaMissouri (Congressional districts only)North CarolinaNorth Dakota (Legislative districts only)NebraskaNew HampshireNew MexicoNevadaOklahomaOregonRhode IslandSouth CarolinaSouth Dakota (Legislative districts only)TennesseeTexasUtahVirginiaWest VirginiaWisconsinWyoming (Legislative districts only) Independent commissions: These apolitical panels are used in four states to redraw legislative districts. To keep politics and the potential for gerrymandering out of the process, state lawmakers and public officials are prohibited from serving on the commissions. Some states also prohibit legislative staffers and lobbyists, as well. The four states that employ independent commissions are: ArizonaCaliforniaColoradoMichigan Advisory commissions: Four states use and advisory commission consisting of a mix of legislators and non-legislators to draw up congressional maps that are then presented to the legislature for a vote. Six states use advisory commissions to draw state legislative districts. The states that use advisory commissions are: ConnecticutIowaMaine (Legislative districts only)New YorkUtahVermont (Legislative districts only) Politician commissions: Ten states create panels made up of state lawmakers and other elected officials to redraw their own legislative boundaries. While these states take redistricting out of the hands of the entire legislature, the process is highly political, or partisan, and often results in gerrymandering districts. The 10 states that use politician commissions are: Alaska (Legislative districts only)Arkansas (Legislative districts only)HawaiiIdahoMissouriMontana (Legislative districts only)New JerseyOhio (Legislative districts only)Pennsylvania (Legislative districts only)Washington Why Is It Called Gerrymandering? The term gerrymander is derived from the name of a Massachusetts governor in the early 1800s, Elbridge Gerry. Charles Ledyard Norton, writing in the 1890 book  Political Americanisms, blamed Gerry for signing into a law a bill in 1811 readjusting the representative districts so as to favor the Democrats and weaken the Federalists, although the last named party polled nearly two-thirds of the votes cast. Norton explained the emergence of the epithet gerrymander this way: A fancied resemblance of a map of the districts thus treated led [Gilbert] Stuart, the painter, to add a few lines with his pencil, and to say to Mr. [Benjamin] Russell, editor of the Boston Centinel, That will do for a salamander. Russell glanced at it: Salamander! said he, Call it a Gerrymander! The epithet took at once and became a Federalist war-cry, the map caricature being published as a campaign document. The late William Safire, a political columnist and linguist for  The New York Times, made note of the words pronunciation in his 1968 book  Safires New Political Dictionary: Gerrys name was pronounced with a hard  g; but because of the similarity of the word with jerrybuilt (meaning rickety, no connection with gerrymander) the letter  g  is pronounced as  j.

Bioterroist threat Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bioterroist threat - Essay Example Terrorists value biological weapons due to their ability to cause mass panic among the people. Moreover, such threats cause massive disruption in the operation of a country making terrorists achieve their target. Bacteria are free-living microscopic organisms that are known to occupy extreme habitats. These organisms have no cell membrane and most of the other organelles found in ordinary cells. This makes it complex to identify effective agents or medicine to deal with such organism. Bacterium such as anthrax are highly contagious and, hence their application in biological warfare. Moreover, anthrax causes high mortality due to its low incubation period. Anthrax bacteria also transform into spores to survive extreme condition such as high temperatures, extreme radiation, and lack of water or nutrients. Such characters makes the bacteria indestructible and, hence an effective warfare agent. Viruses are cellular organisms that thrive as parasites in other living cells. Unlike bacteria and fungus, viruses are not considered living organisms since they lack nucleic acid replication mechanism that is present in other single celled organisms such as bacteria. When viruses occupy a living cell, they interfere with normal cell metabolism, causing death of the cell. Infected cells releases a protein compound knows as Cytokines in response to the attack. This agent is responsible for the resultant symptoms. However, it is difficult to differentiate between viral and cell processes. This makes it difficult for scientists to develop anti-viral medicines. Viruses are effective agents of biological terrorism since they are easy to transport and disseminate (Block, 2001). In particular, viral agents can be transported in aerosol form making them attractive to terrorists. Chimera virus is potential viral agents for biological weapons. The viruses are generated by injecting genetic ma terials of other viruses

High Blood Pressure Measurement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

High Blood Pressure Measurement - Essay Example As a matter of fact, the procedure only requires normal stethoscope or transducer that serves to detect the Korotkoff sounds and then transfers them to the ear. The sounds tend to emanate from the collapsing motion of the walls of the arteries. This implies that so long as one has good hearing ability and high level of attention, the experiment can be simply conducted in an ordinary setting. Procedure In this experiment, a student was selected at random from a group of students. In the selection, weight of the individual was taken into account owing to the fact that weight of an individual has effect on the heart beat rate. In this particular experiment, the student was 85 kg with no record of hypertension. The subject was made to lay straight on a clinical bed for five minutes before the first reading was taken. She then was made to undergo four sessions of resistance exercises at varying intensities ranging from 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%. At 20% exercise intensity, the subject was mad e to simple tasks that mainly involve the legs. The subsequent exercises involved a combination of legs and the upper body parts. The blood pressure and the heart rate in terms of diastolic and systolic compressions were then monitored after 30 minutes of rest. Ordinary clinical stethoscope and the upper arm blood pressure cuff were used for measuring heart rate and blood pressure. Each of the result for each experiment was then tabulated in a graph as provided below. In order to eliminate any chances of external interference, the subject was made to sit at a resting position before taking the readings. The room was also maintained at room temperature of between 25.5 +1.5 oC. Results In the experiment, the initial reading of the subject’s blood pressure was recorded as 120/90 whereas the heart rate was 66 beats per minute. Subsequently, the blood pressure rose with the increasing intensity of the exercise. As shown in the graph, the first reading was at 20% intensity level at which the subject’s blood pressure was recorded as 140/90. Subsequently, at 40% intensity, the subject’s diastolic pressure level rose to 130 while the systolic pressure remained 90. At 60% intensity, the subject’s diastolic and systolic pressure further went up to 150/100. With further increase in the intensity of the exercise as scheduled, her blood pressure went down to 120/90. Discussion The results of this report indicate that in the three conditions, that is, at rest, during exercise and during recovery from maximal exercise, there is usually a fluctuation of the blood pressure as well as the heart rate. The Systolic blood pressure during recovery was slightly higher than at rest before exercise. Moreover, with the increasing intensity of the exercise that subject went through, there was a huge change in the blood pressure up to a certain level. According to Cornelissen, Aubert and Fagard (2010), an acute bout of exercise tend to elicit a number of tempor ary physiological responses. Similarly, with the accumulation of bouts of exercises, there is a production of permanent chronic adaptations that may be termed as exercise training response. Shiotani et.al (2009) presents that exercise or training can induce chances in blood pressure. However, the changes may vary according to conditions and measurement procedures. As for this experiment,

Insurance History Essay Example for Free

Insurance History Essay Some 2,000 years ago in Roman times a form of life insurance was practiced by burial societies who paid out funeral costs of members funded by monthly contributions. It is thought that these were year to year arrangements but unfortunately there is not enough evidence remaining to be exact on how they operated. In Britain in the middle ages Trade Guilds provided funeral costs to members in much the same way. The earliest life insurance policy in England was recorded as being effected on the 15th June 1583. The policy was on the life of a William Gybbons (a salter in the City of London) and was taken out by a Richard Martin. The premium was set at  £8 per  £100 pounds of benefit insured. Even at that early date it is of interest that when the policy ended in a claim there was dispute between the insurer and the policy holder over whether the policy should pay up. Luckily for Richard Martin he won the case and the insurer lost. In those days life insurance policies where underwritten by individuals as opposed to insurance companies. It was also common practice for people to take out life policies on the rich and famous in the hope that they might benefit if that person died. We would have regarded it as a form of gabling. The first actual life insurance company was the Annuity Association founded by the Rev Dr Assheton on the 4th October 1699. Unfortunately this company only survived for 46 years before going bankrupt. Many life insurers were set up as mutual companies where ownership of the company was among the members of the life fund. The policies did not have fixed sums insured as they do today, but instead the fund would pay out what it could afford based on the number of people in the fund that died that year. Now we can be thankful that life insurance has developed since those days. Most policies offer fixed sum insured which can be up to very large amounts. There are a numerous number of insurers all vying for your business. Not only are there pure protection policies but also those which are also linked to some form of investment factor. Life insurance law has grown up and now there are several layers of protection for the naà ¯ve consumer. Whilst all these changes have been good for the co nsumer it also means that the consumer needs to be more aware of what type of life policy they need and where best to purchase that cover. Choice is a wonderful commodity but you need to be able to make a wise selection. More recent changes have been in the growth of life insurers and life insurance  intermediaries who are using the internet as a place of business. Here costs can be controlled, wider markets searched at the click of a mouse and policies handled and concluded at a faster pace. Why not check out what term life cover you could get by visiting http://www.protected.co.uk/ This article was written on the 15th February 2007. This article does not represent ‘financial advice’ as each persons individual requirements will be unique to their needs. If there is something in the article which you which to rely on then please check those details with any person from whom you purchase a term life policy at the time of purchase.

Painting Pears and Paula Mandel Essay -- Artist Paintings Art Essays

Painting Pears and Paula Mandel â€Å"I can’t imagine a life without art. I can’t imagine it. It would be so sad. One of the most amazing things in the world is the art we create. It is a view into people’s souls.† -Paula Mandel If, on some sunny Sunday afternoon, you decide to take a drive through the streets of Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, you’d pass by movie theatres, Starbuck’s cafes, shopping malls, and even historical parks. And if you venture on to some of the more remote side streets, you might discover a small, broken-down old strip mall accommodating a mom and pop’s pizza shop and Morninglory, a small bakery and catering company exhibiting a painting of a piece of fruit in the window. A pear, to be exact. Enticed into stepping foot in the bakery, you might peruse the wall of sweets and goodies, find one you like, and buy it. And so you amble on, fruit tart in hand, sun on face, and $1.50 less in your wallet. Later that day, after meeting a friend for lunch, you find it quite fitting to return to the bakery for another treat. On your arrival, you once again are lured into the shop door, ensnared by that splash of color, that painting of a pear hanging in the window, and you once again buy a dessert. This time, however, instead of departing to saunter along in the sun, you feel the urge to stay awhile, scrutinizing that work of art in the window. There is just†¦something about it that captivates you. That pear, those colors, that shape. You smile. You get closer, pressing your nose up against the storefront’s window, trying to see every detail of that painting. You become obsessed. You can’t place your finger on just what it is you find so allur... ...McGraw-Hill, 2002. 184-87. Hillman, James. â€Å"The Poetic Basis of Mind.† Writing the Essay: Art and the World. Ed. Darlene A. Forrest, Pat C. Hoy II and Randy Martin. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2002. 59-80. Jung, Carl G. â€Å"On the Relation of Analytical Psychology to Poetry.† Writing the Essay:Art and the World. Ed. Darlene A. Forrest, Pat C. Hoy II and Randy Martin. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2002. 279-98. Mandel, Paula. Almost. 5 May 2003. Artist Statement. Pears. 5 May 2003. < http://paula-mandel.com/cgi-local/ perlshop-paulamandel.pl?ACTION=ENTER&thispage=pea01&ORDER_ID=!ORDERID!> Caress. 5 May 2003. < http://paula-mandel.com/cgi-local/ perlshop-paulamandel.pl?ACTION=ENTER&thispage=pea01&ORDER_ID=!ORDERID!> Personal interview. 13 Apr. 2003.

Analysis of Different Banks Performance in Bangladesh by Using Published Financial Statements

07 August 2007 Md. Mahfuzur Rahman 2003-2-10-187 BBA East West University Dear Mahfuz: As the students of business administration are supposed to prepare a Report and submit that at the end of the semester, you are authorized to choose an interesting issue and construct a formal report on that. The issue should be the â€Å"Analysis of Basel Agreement and It’s influence on Bank’s of Bangladesh†. The report should include some key steps such as Executive summary, introduction, conclusion, sources of information and the analysis. The title should be a statement which will describe the report precisely. I will appreciate if you prepare the report according to the instruction given. Thanks Nikhil Chandra Shil Senior Lecturer & Assistant Proctor East West University 07 August, 2007 Nikhil Chandra Shil Senior Lecturer & Assistant Proctor Department of Business Administration 43 Mohakhali C/A Dhaka, Bangladesh Dear Sir: Here is the report on the â€Å"Analysis of Basel Agreement and It’s influence on Bank’s of Bangladesh†. As you will find that I have conducted an in-depth investigation and analysis of different type’s ratio and tried to analyze certain circumstances and displayed our results of analysis and findings in this report. I will really appreciate if you go through the report and express your feedback on that. Thanks Sincerely Md. Mahfuzur Rahman 2003-2-10-187 Acknowledgement The report is based on the performance analysis of different bank in Bangladesh. While any an all errors of fact, omission, and emphasis are solely our responsibility. I would remiss, if I did not acknowledge those who helped me to prepare this report. First of all I must humbly acknowledge the contribution of Nikhil Chandra Shil for the time and effort to help me. I have had the good fortunate of meeting him in personally and share his views and ideas. Next I must thank the University for offering us this project (BUS 498) course and our course instructor for his encouragement and cooperation. I believe it will help us in understanding and identifying different types of risk in the banking sector. Finally, I would like to acknowledge the contributions of my parents. Although they didn't write a single word of this report or any artworks, but their imprint can be found on everything I do. They support me, encourage e, and inspire me. They give my work – and my live -meaning. It is my Mother who provides me all the love and affection. | | |Chapter 1 |04-16 | |1. 1 Origin of the Report, Objective |06 | |1. 2 Methodology, Scope, Limitations |08 | |1. Executive Summary |09 | |1. 4 Introduction |11 | |1. 5 Banking Industry –Overview |12 | |1. 6 Credit Rating Status |16 | |Chapter 2 |17-22 | |2. Key Profitability Ratios In Banking |17 | |2. 2 Earning Per Share |18 | |2. 3 Liquidity Risk |20 | |2. 4 Credit Risk |20 | |2. 5 Capital Risk |21 | |3. Key Profitability Ratios In Banking |23 | |3. 2 Earning Per Share |24 | |3. 3 Liquidity Risk |26 | |3. 4 Credit Risk |26 | |3. 5 Capital Risk |27 | |4. Key Profitability Ratios In Banking |29 | |4. 2 Earning Per Share |30 | |4. 3 Liquidity Risk |32 | |4. 4 Credit Risk |33 | |4. 5 Capital Risk |34 | |5. 1 Key Profitability Ratios In Banking |35 | |5. Earning Per Share |36 | |5. 3 Liquidity Risk |38 | |5. 4 Credit Risk |38 | |5. 5 Capital Risk |39 | |6. Key Profitability Ratios In Banking |41 | |6. 2 Earning Per Share |42 | |6. 3 Liquidity Risk |44 | |6. 4 Credit Risk |45 | |6. Capital Risk |45 | |Chapter 7: City Bank |47-52 | |7. 1 Key Profitability Ratios In Banking |47 | |7. 2 Earning Per Share |48 | |7. 3 Liquidity Risk |50 | |7. Credit Risk |51 | |7. 5 Capital Risk |51 | |Chapter 8: Uttara Bank |53-58 | |8. 1 Key Profitability Ratios In Banking |53 | |8. 2 Earning Per Share |54 | |8. Liquidity Risk |55 | |8. 4 Credit Risk |56 | |8. 5 Capital Risk |57 | |Chapter 9: Prime Bank |59-64 | |9. 1 Key Profitability Ratios In Banking |59 | |9. 2 Earning Per Share |60 | |9. Liquidity Risk |62 | |9. 4 Credit Risk |63 | |9. 5 Capital Risk |63 | |Chapter 10: Southeast Bank |65-70 | |10. 1 Key Profitability Ratios In Banking |65 | |10. Earning Per Share |66 | |10. 3 Liquidity Risk |68 | |10. 4 Credit Risk |68 | |10. 5 Capital Risk |67 | |Chapter 11: Conclusion |71-73 | |11. 1 Conclusion |71 | |11. Bibliography |73 | Chapter-1 Introduction ORIGIN OF THE REPORT This report has been prepared as a requirement for the completion of the BBA program of the Department of Business Administration, at East West University, Dhaka. OBJECTIVE The main objective of the report is to illuminate on the different ratio analysis of some major private bank in Bangladesh and its Comparative Analysis with other Banks prevailing in the market. I will also try to find out how the performance of the bank is improving over the years and how it is contributing to the growth of the banking sector. The following specific objectives can be identified: 1. To make a comparative study on nine major private bank in Bangladesh. 2. To suggest suitable measures to remove the existing problems (if any) & improve the present condition. DATA Data used in this project are derived from the published financial statements of nine banks operating in Bangladesh as of 31 December 2001, 31 to December 2005 from 48 banks operating in Bangladesh. There are some banks whose financial statements either are not available or contain some incomplete or missing accounts, or are contradictory hence they are deleted from observation. Banks are chosen by their status of operation. I have chosen some Liquidated Banks, some Problem Banks, and some Normal Banks for my research. INITIAL VARIABLES There are some basic financial performance and structural characteristics to evaluate a bank, namely profitability, efficiency or productivity, quality of assets, growth and aggressiveness, liquidity, size, capital adequacy, income diversification, and dependence on affiliates. There is, certainly, no single variable which could measure and represent each characteristic perfectly. There are, typically, several variables that proximate to a characteristic of interest. Based on literature review on banking and financial institutions and initial judgment, I chose the following variables to represent each characteristic as listed below. Earning and profitability: Return on Assets (ROA) = Net Income / Assets (NI/A) Return on Equity (ROE) = Net Income / Equity (NI/E) Return on Earning Assets (ROEA) = Net Income / Earning Assets (NI/EA) Return on Loans (ROL) = Interest Income / Loans (II/L) Interest Income / Earning Assets (II/EA) Net Interest Income / Earning Assets (NII/EA) Interest Margin (IM) = Return on Fund – Cost of Fund (IM) Productivity and Efficiency: Operating Expense / Operating Income (OE/OI) Profit Margin (PM) = Earning Before Taxes / Operating Income (EBT/OI) Sta. Expense / Assets (SE/A) Non-interest Expense / Assets (NonIE/A) Quality of Assets: Write-offs / Loans (W/L) Provision for Loan Losses / Loans (PLL/L) Provision for Loan Losses / Equity (PLL/E) Capital Adequacy: Equity / Assets (E/A) Equity / Earning Assets (E/EA) Equity / Loans (E/L) Growth and Aggressiveness: Loans Growth Rate (LGR) Loans-Market-Share Increment (LMSI) Deposit Growth Rate (DGR) Deposit-Market-Share Increment (DMSI) Equity Growth Rate (EGR) Loans to Deposit Ratio = Loans / Deposit (L/D) Credibility or Cost of Fund: Interest Expense / Deposit (IE/D) Interest Expense / Third Party Fund (IE/TPF) Size: ln (Assets) (lnA) Income and Sources of Fund Diversification: Non-interest Income / Operating Income (NonII/OI) Deposit / Third Party Fund (D/TPF) Liquidity: Liquid Assets / Deposit (LA/D) METHODOLOGY The study required information regarding the past & present condition of different Bank in Bangladesh. Necessary data and information were gathered, secondary data, and annual report. a) Sources of Data: The following sources had been used for the purpose the purpose of collecting data as required for this report: Primary sources: I) Observation, ii) Personal communication with course instructor Secondary Sources: I) Annual and other periodical reports of different Bank in Bangladesh ii) Various manuals (conditions of use guides) and brochures, iii) Service Rules & IV) Miscellaneous Publications. SCOPE The report is limited to the understanding of credit risk, capital risk, liquidity risk analysis, and find out the key profitability ratio, and a comparative interpretation to that analysis. It was really difficult for me to gather all the necessary information because the managers were not cooperative at all. As a result, we have chosen the following nine banks based on the availability of information we get. LIMITATIONS 1. As a student of business administration, analyzing of different sorts of risk and ratio is new for me so it took some time to understand. Besides three months time is inadequate to prepare such a robust report. 2. It was very difficult to get the actual information from the annual report; some of the information is not given the annual report. 3. Sufficient records, publications were not available. The constraints narrowed the scope of real analysis. 4. Most of the time I have faced the problem with the annual report which is prepared before 2000. 5. Accounting practice is different for the different bank. 6. Credit Worthiness: At present, we do not have any credit rating company in our country and information on the customer from the third party is also not always reliable. Therefore, we need to make our own scoring system. Since it will be a very difficult to prepare a standard scoring system to assess everybody’s credit worthiness so we shall also have top substantially depend on judgmental analysis to make decision on every individual cases. Every individual case shall be unique and separate from others. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Bank |Profitability |Liquidity Risk |Credit Risk |Capital Risk | |Dhaka Bank |Average |Low |Low |Average | |NCC Bank |High |High |Low |Average | |National Bank |Average |Low |Average |High | |Al-Arafah Bank |Average |High |High |High | |Eastern Bank |High* |Low |Average |Low | |City Bank |High |Low |Average |Average | |Uttara Bank |High |High |Low |Average | |Prime Bank |High** |Average |Low |Low | |Southeast Bank |Average |High |Average |Average | TABLE: Summery of Risk Categor ies |Risk Type |Definition |Comment | |Country Risk |( The risk that a counter party is unable to meet its |( Country risk is often confused with sovereign risk, | | |foreign currency obligations as a result of adverse |which is the counter party credit risk of the government. | |economic conditions or actions taken by governments in | | | |the relevant country. |( Country Risk is also often referred to as transfer risk | | | |or cross border risk. | | | | | | | |( Country related events such as economic downturn, | | | |political changes; devaluation etc. ill often have | | | |significant impact on the other risks that SCB must | | | |manage. | |Credit Risk |( The risk that a counter party will not settle its |( Assessing this risk requires an understanding of the | | |obligations in accordance within agreed terms |customers ability and willingness to pay but also its | | | |understanding of the risks it faces and how well it | | | |manages them e. g. environmental risks | |Liqu idity Risk |( The isk that funds will not be available to meet |( Includes the management of cash flow under business as | | |liabilities as they fall due |usual and stress conditions together with setting of | | | |targets for balance sheet ratios. | |Market Risk |( The risk of loss generated by adverse changes in the |( Does not include the risk of price movements in other | | |price of assets or contracts currently held by the |markets e. g. stocks and shares, property, commodities. | | |company (this risk is also known as price risk). |Does include basis risk. |Capital Risk |( The risk that a bank capital might be undergone |( Equity Capital/Total Assets has been increased but | | | |Purchased Funds/Total Liabilities | |Business Risk |( The risk of failing to achieve business targets due |( Includes decisions on the markets we operate in, | | |to inappropriate strategies, inadequate resources or |products offered, and customers targeted and the terms and| | |changes in the econo mic or competitive environment |conditions of conducting business. | |Legal and Regulatory Risk |( The risk of non compliance with legal or regulatory |( Includes banking specific legislation and regulations | | |requirements. |but also all applicable laws. In extreme cases could lead | | | |to loss of banking license(s). | Source: Bank Management & Financial Services (6th Edition) Pages: 161, 162, 164, 328, 472. INTRODUCTION The overall objective of my project report is to clearly identify and briefly discuss about the performance analysis of different bank in Bangladesh. To nalyze the performance of different bank I have analyzed different ratio and provided some interpretation of them. I have taken a total nine bank to evaluate the performance of them. And try to make a comparison among all of the following. 1. Dhaka Bank Ltd 2. National  Credit Ltd. 3. National  Bank Ltd. 4. Al-Arafah Islami Bank Limited (Al-Arafah) 5. Eastern Bank  Ltd. 6. The City  Bank Ltd. 7. Uttara Bank 8. Prime Bank Ltd. 9. South East  Bank Ltd Customer satisfaction is one of the core objectives of different bank. Taking decision to provide credit facility to a corporate customer is not easy in this fast changing global environment especially in Bangladesh. To smooth the whole process the work is divided. So, before making a decision the every necessary information should be carefully analyzed by different departments and different people who have gained expertise in their related field. Thus it helps both in making correct decision and smoothen the process to satisfy the customer need quickly. A bank is an organization that engages in the business of banking. Banks perform three functions: 1. Provide the means of payment through administering the checking account system. 2. Intermediate between depositors and borrowers by offering savings and time deposit- to depositors and providing all types of loans to borrowers. 3. Provide a variety of financial services, encompassing fiduciary services, investment banking and off-balance sheet risk taking. Commercial banks are private profit seeking enterprises, balancing risk and return to their portfolio management with the goal of maximizing shareholder wealth. Share holders wealth depends on three factors: 1. The volume of cash flows resulting from portfolio decisions. 2. The timing of those cash flows 3. The risk and volatility of the cash flows. Commercial banks face six risks: 1. Credit or Default risk 2. Interest-rate risk 3. Liquidity risk 4. Operational risk 5. Capital. Risk 6. Fraud risk The Modern definition of a bank is, An institution that provides all financial services† (Source: SCB Handbook) and the core activity of a bank is to collect money from the people who has surplus with them and lend those money to people who has deficit, known as credit facility. Customers sought different kind of credit facility from banks and the banks try to provide as many as they can within their limited scope. Every bank follows a predefined structured procedure in providing credit facilities to their customers. BANKING INDUSTRY –OVERVIEW The banking industry in Bangladesh is more than 600 years old. The first commercial bank was ANZ Grindlays Bank which opened in1905. The central bank of the country, Bangladesh Bank controls and monitors the banking industry. At present there are 52 commercial (nationalized, foreign and local) banks. Currently, the major financial institutions under the banking system include: ? Bangladesh Bank ? Commercial Banks ? Islamic Banks ? Leasing Companies ? Finance Companies ? Merchant Banks Generally, the commercial banks and finance companies provide a myriad of banking products/services to cater to the needs of their customers. However, the Bangladeshi banking industry is characterized by the tight banking rules and regulation s set by the Bangladesh Bank. All banks and financial institutions are highly governed and controlled under the Banking Companies Act-1993. The range of banking products and financial services is also limited in scope. All local banks must maintain a 4% Cash Reserve Requirement (CRR), which is non-interest bearing and a 16% Secondary Liquidity Requirement (SLR). With the liberalization of markets, competition among the banking products and financial services seems to be growing more intense each day. In addition, the banking products offered in Bangladesh are fairly homogeneous in nature due to the tight regulations imposed by the central bank. Competing through differentiation is increasingly difficult and other banks quickly duplicate any innovative banking service. Bangladesh Bank Bangladesh Bank (BB) has been working as the central bank since the country's independence. Its prime jobs include issuing of currency, maintaining foreign exchange reserve and providing transaction facilities of all public monetary matters. BB is also responsible for planning the government's monetary policy and implementing it thereby. The BB has a governing body comprising of nine members with the Governor as its chief. Apart from the head office in Dhaka, it has nine more branches, of which two in Dhaka and one each in Chittagong, Rajshahi, Khulna, Bogra, Sylhet, Rangpur and Barisal. Nationalized Commercial Banks (NCBs) |1. Sunali Bank | |2. Rupali bank | |3. Janata Bank | |4. Agrani Bank | Private Commercial Banks (PCBs) |1. Pubali Bank | |2. Uttara Bank | |3. National Bank | |4. The City Bank Ltd. | |5. United  Commercial  Bank Ltd. | |6. Arab  Bangladesh Bank Ltd. | |7. IFIC Bank  Ltd. | |8. Eastern Bank Ltd. | |9. National Credit & Comerce Bank Ltd. | |10. Prime Bank Ltd. | |11. South East bank Ltd. | |12. Dhaka Bank Ltd | |13. Dutch-Bangla  Bank Ltd. | |14. Mercantile Bank Ltd. | |15. Standard  Bank Ltd. | |16. One Bank  Ltd. | |17. EXIM Bank | |18. Bangladesh  Commerce Bank Ltd. | |19. Mutual  Trust Bank  Ltd. | |20. First  Security Bank Ltd. | |21. The Premier  Bank Ltd. | |22. Bank Asia  Ltd. | |23. The Trust Bank Ltd. | |24. Brac Bank Ltd. | Islamic Banks |1. Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited (IBBL) | |Al Baraka Bank Bangladesh Limited (AL-Baraka) | |Al-Arafah Islamic Bank Ltd. (Al-Arafah) | |Social Investment Bank Limited (SIBL) | |Faysal Islamic Bank of Bahrain EC (FIBB) | |6. Shah Jalal Bank Limited (Based on Islamic Shariah) | Foreign / Multinational Banks |1. Habib Bank Ltd. | |2. State Bank Of India | |3. Credit  Agricole Indosuez (The Bank) | |4. National  Bank of Pakistan  Ã‚   | |5. Muslim  Commercial Bank Ltd. | |6. City Bank NA | |7. Hanvit Bank Ltd. | |8. HSBC Ltd. | |9. Shamil   Islami  Bank Of   Bahrain EC | |10. Standard Chartered   Bank | Development Banks |1. Bangladesh  Krishi Bank | |2. Rajshahi Krishi Unnayan  Bank | |3. Bangladesh  Shilpa Bank | |4. Bangladesh  Shilpa Rin  Sangstha   | |5. Bank of  Small Industries &  Commerce  Ã‚  Bangladesh Ltd. | Other Banks |1. Ansar VDP  Unnayan  Bank   | |2. Bangladesh  Samabai  Bank Ltd. BSBL)   | |3. Grameen  Bank   | |4. Karmasansthan  Bank   | Credit Rating Status of Researching Banks Operating in Bangladesh |SL. NO. |Name of Bank |Credit Rating Report |Rating as of |Name of the Agency |Remarks | | | |Long Term |Short Term | | | | |01. |Dhaka Bank Ltd |- |- |31. 12. 6 |CRAB |Expected to | | | | | | | |complete | | | | | | | |by May' 07 | |02. |NCC Bank Ltd |- |- |- |CRAB |Expected to | | | | | | | |complete | | | | | | | |by May ‘ 07 | |03. National Bank Ltd | A |ST-2 |31/12/06 |CRAB |- | |04. |Al-Arafah Islami |- |- |31. 12. 06 |CRISL |Expected to | | |Bank Ltd | | | | |complete | |05. |Eastern Bank Ltd |A |ST-3 |30/06/06 |CRISL |- | |06. |The City Bank Ltd |A- |ST-3 |31/12/06 |CRISL |- | |07. |Uttara Bank Ltd |- |- |31. 12. 6 |CRISL |Expected to | | | | | | | |complete | | | | | | | |by 30. 06. 07 | |08. |Prime Bank Ltd |AA |ST-2 |31/12/06 |CRISL | | |09. |South East Bank Ltd|A |ST-3 |22/06/06 |CRAB |CR report based on | | | | | | | |Dec'06, | Source: Bangladesh Bank (www. bangladesh-bank. org) Chapter-2 Dhaka Bank Limited Key Profitability Ratios in Banking | |   |2001 |2002 |2003 |2004 |2005 | |Return on Asset( ROA) |0. 015 |0. 012 |0. 013 |0. 013 |0. 014 | |Net interest Margin |0. 019 |0. 021 |0. 019 |0. 022 |0. 023 | |Net non-interest Margin |0. 024 |0. 030 |0. 022 |0. 020 |0. 019 | |Net Bank Operating Margin |0. 49 |0. 243 |0. 285 |0. 282 |0. 311 | [pic] Return on Equity: Return on equity capital is a measure of the rate of return flowing to the banks shareholder. It approximates the net benefit that the shareholders have received from investing their capital in the bank. During the period of 2001-2005 the average return on the equity was 0. 274 which means 27. 4%. But if we look at every individual year we can say that it has decreased year by year. The ratio was decreased because of the bank has increased the equity capital over the year and declared the bonus share as a dividend. Return on Assets: The Return on the asset is primarily indicator of managerial efficiency. It indicates how capably the management of the bank has been converting the institutions assets into net earning. From the above analysis we can see that during the period of 2001-2005 the average ratio was 1. 3%. Return on assets has increased over time. That means the bank was able to increase the efficiency in managing asset from 2001-2005. Net Interest Margin: The net interest margin measures how large a spread between interest revenues and interest costs. Management has been able to achieve of close control over the banks earning assets and the pursuits of the cheapest source of funding. The average net bank interest margin for Dhaka bank was 2. 1% during 2001-2005. By looking at the table we can say that it has increased period by period accept 2003, which indicates a good signal for the Bank. Net Non Interest Margin: The non-interest margin measures the amount of non interest revenue streaming from deposits charges and other service fees the bank has been able to collect relative to the amount of non interest cost incurred (including salaries and wages, repair and maintenance cost on bank facilities and loan loss expense). The net non interest margin was 2. 30% during the period of 2001-2005. It has decline over the periods accept 2001. The income from the non interest source, like Treasury bill, commission on brokerage, and commission from the letter of credit has been declined over the years. Earning Per Share: | |2001 |2002 |2003 |2004 |2005 | |Earning Per Share |41. 255 |42. 635 |39. 024 |46. 894 |53. 864 | [pic] Earning per share measures the earning against per share. During the period 2001-2005, the average earning per share was Tk 44. 73. Though it is not so attractive figure for Dhaka Bank, but positive fact is it has increased over times. Breaking Down OF ROE |2001 |2002 |2003 |2004 |2005 | |Banks degree of asset utilization |0. 043 |0. 050 |0. 045 |0. 045 |0. 045 | |The banks equity multiplier |29. 02 |21. 33 |17. 20 |18. 94 |14. 92 | Net Profit Margin: Net profit margin has fluctuated over time. But if we look at the average which was 29. 39% with the past five years, we can say that last five years net profit margin was better. Banks Degree of Assets Utilization: Banks Degree of Assets Utilization was 4 . 5% during 2001-2005 which was not bad as compare to other banks. Equity Multiplier: [pic] During the period of 2001-2005 the average equity multiplier was 20. 283. By the equity multiplier ratio we can say that it is highest in 2001 which was 09. 02%. that means the risk of the failure was also highest for that period. As the risk was higher, we can say that the banks profit margin also was higher for that period. Liquidity Risk |   |2001 |2002 |2003 |2004 |2005 | |Cash and Due from Banks/Total Assets |0. 152 |0. 122 |0. 093 |0. 071 |0. 079 | |Cash and Government Securities/Total Assets |0. 062 |0. 076 |0. 98 |0. 137 |0. 155 | [pic] Purchased Funds/Total Assets: If the use of purchased is more that increases the chance of liquidity crunch in the event of withdrawals rises or the loan quality declines. During 2001-2005, as the average ratio was 1. 44%, we can say that the liquidity risk for the bank is lower for the Bank. Cash and Government Securities/Total Assets: Cash and Government securities was 10. 54% of the total assets on an average which was not so much good fo r the Bank because cash and government securities are the most liquid assets for a bank. So bank may face liquidity problem in the future. Credit Risk    |2001 |2002 |2003 |2004 |2005 | |Total Loans/Total Deposits |0. 56 |0. 67 |0. 70 |0. 74 |0. 82 | [pic] Provision for Loan Losses/Total Loans: Provision for Loan Losses/Total Loans indicates the amount which should be kept as provision for loan losses from the total loan. During the period (2001-2005) the average amount of provision for the loan loses was 0. 6%. This indicates a very good signal for the bank. That means Bank’s credit risk is very low because the bank has been able to collect the loan very efficiently. Total Loans/Total Deposits Total Loans/Total Deposits indicates the total loan amount that goes from the total deposit. During (2001-2005), on an average 68. 86% of the total deposit distribute as loan. This indicates they have distributed a big portion of their deposited amount as loan. That is some what risky but as their provision for loan losses was very low they will have no problems with this. Capital Risk |   |2001 |2002 |2003 |2004 |2005 | |Purchased Funds/Total Liabilities |0. 016 |0. 011 |0. 012 |0. 012 |0. 025 | [pic] Equity Capital/Total Assets: Equity Capital/Total Assets indicates that the amount of equity capital invested in the total assets. During the period of 2001-2005 their equity capital was on an average 5. 20% of their total assets, which indicates they have financed very few of their investment by equity and it is gradually increased over the period. Purchased Funds/Total Liabilities: Purchased Funds/Total Liabilities indicates that the amount of non deposit liability in the total liability structure. If the purchased fund increases that means the capital risk are also increases. During the period of 2001-2005 1. 52% of the liability was financed by the purchased fund that means non deposit sources which is not the core area of the business. That means the capital risk for the bank is low for the Bank. Chapter-3 NCC Bank Limited Key Profitability Ratios In Banking | |   |2001 |2002 |2003 |2004 |2005 | |Return on Asset( ROA) |0. 014 |0. 011 |0. 044 |0. 013 |0. 013 | |Net interest Margin |0. 024 |0. 024 |0. 232 |0. 020 |0. 023 | |Net non-interest Margin |0. 028 |0. 027 |0. 195 |0. 032 |0. 346 | |Net Bank Operati ng Margin |0. 280 |0. 230 |0. 080 |0. 255 |0. 240 | [pic] Return on Equity: Return on equity capital is a measure of the rate of return flowing to the banks shareholder. It approximates the net benefit that the shareholders have received from investing their capital in the bank. During the period of 2001-2005 the average return on the equity was to 19. 6%. If we compare it to the Dhaka Bank we can say that it is not good. The ratio was low because the bank has increased the equity capital over the year and declared the bonus share as a dividend. Return on Assets: The Return on the asset is primarily indicator of managerial efficiency. It indicates how proficiently the management of the bank has been converting the institutions assets into net earning. From the above analysis we can see that for the period of 2001-2005 the average ratio was 1. 9%. which was some what better than Dhaka Bank. That means the bank was able to increase the efficiency in managing asset from 2001-2005. Net Interest Margin: The net interest margin measures how large a spread between interest revenues and interest costs. Management has been able to achieve of close control over the banks earning assets and the pursuits of the cheapest source of funding. The net bank interest margin for Dhaka bank was 2. 1% during the year of 2001-2005. But the net margin of NCC Bank was 6. 46%. that means the banks was able to increase the cheapest source of funding from 2001-2005. Net Non Interest Margin: The non-interest margin measures the amount of non interest revenue streaming from deposits charges and other service fees the bank has been able to collect relative to the amount of non interest cost incurred (including salaries and wages, repair and maintenance cost on bank facilities and loan loss expense). The average net non interest margin was 12. 5% during the period of 2001-2005. That means the bank was able to collect more income from the non interest source and it has increases over time. They have been able to generate more income from the non interest source like Treasury bill, commission on brokerage, and commission from the letter of credit. Earning Per Share: |2001 |2002 |2003 |2004 |2005 | |Earnings Per Share |54. 14 |44. 47 |30. 99 |46. 91 |36. 11 | [pic] Earning per share measures the earning against per share. During the period of 2001-2005, the average earning per share was Tk 42. 524. Their earning per share has reduced over time and if we compare with other bank we can say that it is not sufficient. Breaking Down of ROE |   |2001 |2002 |2003 |2004 |2005 | |Banks degree of asset utilization |0. 052 |0. 50 |0. 544 |0. 052 |0. 056 | |The banks equity multiplier |16. 91 |20. 33 |1. 92 |17. 46 |14. 04 | Net Profit Margin: During 2001-2005 the average the net bank operating margin was 21. 7%. If we look at the individual data it is not good because it has fluctuated over time. Banks Degree of Assets Utilization: They have earned 15. 08% operating revenue in 2001-2005 by using their total assets. Over the period it was consistent accept 2003. Equity Multiplier: [pic] During the period of 2001-2005, the average equity multiplier was 14. 32. By the equity multiplier ratio we can say that it is substantially higher, that means the risk of the failure is also high for the period. As the risk is higher so the banks profit margin is also higher. Liquidity risk |   |2001 |2002 |2003 |2004 |2005 | |Cash and Due from Banks/Total Assets |0. 158 |0. 067 |0. 499 |0. 042 |0. 052 | |Cash and Government Securities/Total Assets |0. 100 |0. 148 |0. 166 |0. 208 |0. 110 | [pic] Purchased Funds/Total Assets: If the use of purchased funds are more that increases the chance of liquidity crunch in the event of withdrawals rises or the loan quality declines. During the period of 2001-2005, as the average ratio was 1. 44%, we can say that the liquidity risk for the bank was low. Cash and Government Securities/Total Assets: Average Cash and Government Securities/Total Assets in 2001-2005 was 44. 48%. The total assets have come from the cash and government securities. Credit Risk |   |2001 |2002 |2003 |2004 |2005 | |Provision for Loan Losses/Total Loans |0. 02 |0. 02 |0. 2 |0. 02 |0. 02 | |Total Loans/Total Deposits |0. 84 |0. 82 |0. 81 |0. 89 |0. 96 | [pic] Provision for Loan Losses/Total Loans: Provision for Loan Losses/Total Loans indicates the amount which should be kept as provision for loan losses from the total loan. During the period of 2001-2005 the average amount of provision for the loan loss was 1. 9% of the total loans. As the provision for the loan loss was very low, we can say that the credit risk for the bank was lower for the Bank and the bank has been able to collect the loan more efficiently. Total Loans/Total Deposits: Total Loans/Total Deposits indicates the total loan amount that goes from the total deposit. If we look at the graph we will see that the Total loan/Total Deposits gradually has increased over time. That means the Bank has increased the loan as well as credit risk. But historical data say that their loan collection is pretty impressive. On an average they have distributed 86. 19% of their deposits as loan. Capital Risk | |2001 |2002 |2003 |2004 |2005 | |Purchased Funds/Total Liabilities |0. 037 |0. 048 |0. 057 |0. 048 |0. 818 | [pic] Equity Capital/Total Assets: Equity Capital/Total Assets indicates that the amount of equity capital invested in the total assets. During the period of 2001-2005, on an average 15. 17% total asset was financed by the equity. If we think about the risk of the Bank, it is high. Because a huge amount of money they have financed by debt equity. Purchased Funds/Total Liabilities: Purchased Funds/Total Liabilities indicates that the amount of non deposit liability in the total liability structure. If the purchased fund increases that means the capital risk are also increases. During the period of 2001-2005, 20. 16% of the liability was financed by the purchased fund that means non deposit sources which is not the core area of the business. Chapter-4 National Bank |Key Profitability Ratios In Banking | |   |2001 |2002 |2003 |2004 |2005 | |Return on Asset( ROA) |0. 006 |0. 003 |0. 002 |0. 004 |0. 005 | |Net interest Margin |0. 012 |0. 011 |0. 011 |0. 012 |0. 011 | |Net non-interest Margin |0. 025 |0. 026 |0. 27 |0. 029 |0. 031 | |Net Bank Operating Margin |0. 224 |0. 083 |0. 048 |0. 087 |0. 118 | [pic] Return on Equity: Return on equity capital is a measure of the rate of return flowing to the banks shareholder. It approximates the net benefit that the shareholders have received from investing their capital in the bank. During the period of 2001-2005 the average return on the equity was 10. 1%. The ratio was not attractive because of the bank has increased the equity capital over the year and declared the bonus share as a dividend. The Return on Assets: The Return on the asset is primarily indicator of managerial efficiency. It indicates how capably the management of the bank has been converting the institutions assets into net earning. From the above analysis we can say that during the period of 2001-2005 the average ratio 0. 4%. It is not so attractive. The bank was not able to increase the efficiency in managing asset from 2001 to 2005. The net interest Margin: The net interest margin measures how large a spread between interest revenues and interest costs. Management has been able to achieve of close control over the banks earning assets and the pursuits of the cheapest source of funding. The net bank interest margin for Dhaka bank was 12% during 2001-2005. But the average net interest margin for National bank was 1. 14%. That means the banks was able to increase the cheapest source of funding from 2001 to 2005 but that is not substantial for the bank. The Non-interest Margin: The non-interest margin measures the amount of non interest revenue streaming from deposits charges and other service fees the bank has been able to collect relative to the amount of non interest cost incurred (including salaries and wages, repair and maintenance cost on bank facilities and loan loss expense). The average net non interest margin was 2. 8% for 2001-2005. Though it has increased over period, they were not able to generate more income from the non interest source like Treasury bill, commission on brokerage, and commission from the letter of credit. The performance of the bank is stable over the years. Earning Per Share: | |2001 |2002 |2003 |2004 |2005 | |Earnings Per Share |63. 78 |33. 98 |33. 09 |27. 44 |43. 85 | [pic] Earning per share measures the earning against per share. During the period of 2001-2005, the average earning per share was Tk 40. 420. Their earning per share has reduced over time and if we compare with other bank we can say that it is not sufficient. In the cases of National Bank if we look after the key profitability ratio then we can say that return on equity capital(ROE), and non interest margin, Return on asset (ROA) Net Bank Operating Margin, and Earning per share, ratio has been decreased for the period of 2001-2005. But, only the net bank operating margin has been increased. Return on equity capital (ROE) has been decreases because the bank has increased the equity capital for the years and given the bonus share as a dividend so the amount of equity increases during the period of 2001-2005. The earning per share also has been decreased for the period of 2001-2005. Breaking Down of ROE    |2001 |2002 |2003 |2004 |2005 | |Banks degree of asset utilization |0. 025 |0. 038 |0. 038 |0. 041 |0. 042 | |The banks equity multiplier |30. 99 |28. 07 |28. 18 |25. 79 |20. 13 | The net bank operating Margin: During the period of 2001-2005 the average the net bank operating margin was 11. 18% of the total assets. It was not stable over the period which is not a good sign for the bank. Bank Degree of Assets Utilization: Bank’s degree of the asset utilization has been increased during the period of 2001-2005. So return of asset has been also decreased for the same period. Net profit margin has been decreased substantially because the ratio of the equity multiplier was higher. Equity Multiplier: During the period of 2001-2005 the average equity multiplier was 26. 63. By the equity multiplier ratio we can say that it has substantially reduced over time, which means the risk of the failure has gradually increased over time. [pic] Liquidity Risk |   |2001 |2002 |2003 |2004 |2005 | |Cash and Due from Banks/Total Assets |0. 043 |0. 053 |0. 054 |0. 054 |0. 55 | |Cash and Government Securities/Total Assets |0. 060 |0. 088 |0. 087 |0. 068 |0. 038 | [pic] Purchased Funds/Total Assets: Purchased Funds/Total Assets if the use of purchased more that increases the chance of liquidity crunch in the event of withdrawals rises or the loan quality declines. During the period of 2001-2005 the average ratio for the bank was 3. 12%. We can say that the liquidity risk for the bank was not very high also stab le by the year Cash and Government Securities/Total Assets: Cash and Government Securities/Total Assets in 2001-2005 was 6. 82% of the total assets which has come from the cash and government security. Banks/Total Assets and Cash and Government Securities/Total Assets are also remains almost same for over the period so the liquidity risk for the bank has been remains low and same for the period. Credit Risk: |   |2001 |2002 |2003 |2004 |2005 | |Total Loans/Total Deposits |0. 84 |0. 82 |0. 81 |0. 89 |0. 96 | [pic] Provision for Loan Losses/Total Loans: Provision for Loan Losses/Total Loans indicates the amount which should be kept as provision for loan losses from the total loan. During the period of 2001-2005 the average amount of provision for the loan loss was 2. 09%. That means only 2. 09% of the funds were in risk to be uncollected. As the provision for the loan losses was low, we can say that the credit risk for the bank was not very high for the recent period. Total Loans/Total Deposits: Total Loans/Total Deposits indicates the total loan amount that goes from the total deposit. During 2001-2005 on an average 81. 11% of the total deposit they have distributed as loan. This is a very big portion and indicating a great change of credit risk for the bank. Capital Risk: |   |2001 |2002 |2003 |2004 |2005 | |Purchased Funds/Total Liabilities |0. 617 |0. 042 |0. 033 |0. 037 |0. 591 | [pic] Equity Capital/Total Assets: Equity Capital/Total Assets indicates that the amount of equity capital invested in the total assets. During the period of 2001-2005 on an average 3. 83% of the total asset was financed by the equity. That is indicating a very bad signal for the bank. Because they mostly they have financed their investment by debt capital which was very risky. Purchased Funds/Total Liabilities: Purchased Funds/Total Liabilities indicates that the amount of non deposit liability in the total liability structure. If the purchased fund increases that means the capital risk are also increases. During the period of 2001-2005 the ratio was drastically high for 2001 and 2005 and average ratio was 26. 39%. That means the capital risk for the bank was high for the bank. Chapter-5 Al Arafah Islami Bank Limited |Key Profitability Ratios In Banking | |   |2001 |2002 |2003 |2004 |2005 | |Return on Asset( ROA) |0. 002 |0. 006 |0. 012 |0. 012 |0. 017 | |Net interest Margin |0. 015 |0. 026 |0. 030 |0. 030 |0. 38 | |Net non-interest Margin |0. 017 |0. 015 |0. 018 |0. 018 |0. 022 | |Net Bank Operating Margin |0. 067 |0. 141 |0. 242 |0. 252 |0. 292 | [pic] Return on Equity: Return on equity capital is a measure of the rate of return flowing to the banks shareholder. It approximates the net benefit that the shareholders have received from investing their capital in the bank. During the period of 2001-2005 the average return on the equity was 14. 5% which was not attractive, but the good signal is that it has increased over time. Return on Assets: The Return on the asset is primarily indicator of managerial efficiency. It indicates how capably the management of the bank has been converting the institutions assets into net earning. From the above analysis we can say that during the period of 2001-2005 the return on asset was only 1. 00%. That means the bank was able to increase the efficiency in managing asset from 2001 to 2005. Net Interest margin: The net interest margin measures how large a spread between interest revenues and interest costs. Management has been able to achieve of close control over the banks earning assets and the pursuits of the cheapest source of funding. The average net bank interest margin for the bank was 2. 78% during the period of 2001-2005 which is also not so attractive. Non-interest Margin: The non-interest margin measures the amount of non interest revenue streaming from deposits charges and other service fees the bank has been able to collect relative to the amount of non interest cost incurred (including salaries and wages, repair and maintenance cost on bank facilities and loan loss expense). The net non interest margin was 1. 8% in 2001-2005. They wasn’t been able to generate more income from the non interest source like Treasury bill, commission on brokerage, and commission from the letter of credit. Earning Per Share: |2001 |2002 |2003 |2004 |2005 | |Earnings Per Share |101. 43 |312. 420 |251. 1 |263. 67 |387. 8 | [pic] Earning per share measures the earning against per share. During the period of 2001-2005, the earning per share was Tk 263. 18. If we compare with other bank we will see that their earning per sha re was very good. Breaking Down of ROE: |   |2001 |2002 |2003 |2004 |2005 | |Banks degree of asset utilization |0. 32 |0. 041 |0. 048 |0. 048 |0. 059 | |The banks equity multiplier |24. 968 |21. 447 |14. 754 |13. 449 |12. 564 | [pic] The Net Bank Operating Margin: During the period of 2001-2005 the average the net bank operating margin was 19. 87%. If we compare with other banks it was good. Another important thing is that it has increased over time. Degree of Operating Margin: On an average they have earned 4. 55% operating revenue during the period of 2001-2005 by using total asset. It was not so good. This indicates that they ware unable to utilize their assets. Equity Multiplier: During the period of 2001-2005 the equity multiplier was 17. 467. By analyzing the equity multiplier ratio we can say that it is substantially higher, that means the risk of the failure is also high for the period of 2001-2005. As the risk is higher so the banks profit margin is also higher. Liquidity Risk: |   |2001 |2002 |2003 |2004 |2005 | |Cash and Due from Banks/Total Assets |0. 080 |0. 090 |0. 089 |0. 093 |0. 201 | [pic] Purchased Funds/Total Assets: Purchased Funds/Total Assets if the use of purchased more that increases the chance of liquidity crunch in the event of withdrawals rises or the loan quality declines. During the period of 2001-2005 the average ratio was 7. 4%. Because of lower percentage we can say that the liquidity risk for the bank is also lower for the bank. Cash and Due from Banks/Total Assets: During the period of 2001-2005 on an average the bank had only 7. 42% cash and due from bank against their total assets. This indicates a very bad signal for the bank. Liquidity risk for the bank was very high for that period. Credit Risk: |   |2001 |2002 |2003 |2004 |2005 | |Provision for Loan Losses/Total Loans |0. 16 |0. 033 |0. 024 |0. 048 |0. 011 | [pic] Total Loans/Total Deposits: Total Loans/Total Deposits indicates the total loan amount that goes from the total deposit. During the period of 2001-2005, 84. 13% of the total deposit distribute as loan. They have distributed a big portion of their deposits as loan it could increase credit risk for the bank. Provision for Loan Losses/Total Loans: Provision for Loan Losses/Total Loans indicates the amount which should be kept as provision for loan losses from the total loan. During the period of 2001-2005 the average amount of provision for the loan loss was 2. 4%. As the provision for the loan losses was lower so we can say that the credit risk for the bank was also lower for the bank in that period, and the bank has been able to collect the loan more efficiently. Capital Risk |   |2001 |2002 |2003 |2004 |2005 | |Purchased Funds/Total Liabilities |0. 050 |0. 056 |0. 059 |0. 117 |0. 114 | [pic] Equity Capital/Total Assets: Equity Capital/Total Assets indicates that the amount of equity capital invested in the total assets. During the period of 2001-2005, on an average 6. 17% of the total asset was financed by the equity and it is gradually increased over the year and for the period. Purchased Funds/Total Liabilities: Purchased Funds/Total Liabilities indicates that the amount of non deposit liability in the total liability structure. If the purchased fund increases that means the capital risk are also increases. During the period of 2001-2005 they were able to maintain the ratio within 8. 00%. That means the capital risk for the bank was lower for the period. Though the bank is able to reduce the non-deposit source of funding but still they are exposed to a higher capital risk. Chapter-6 Eastern Bank Limited Key Profitability Ratios In Banking | | |2001 |2002 |2003 |2004 |2005 | |Return on Asset( ROA) |0. 02 |0. 02 |0. 02 |0. 02 |0. 02 | |Net interest Margin |0. 03 |0. 03 |0. 02 |0. 03 |0. 03 | |Net non-interest Margin |0. 02 |0. 02 |0. 03 |0. 03 |0. 03 | |Net Bank Operating Margin |0. 16 |0. 19 |0. 1 8 |0. 22 |0. 18 | [pic] Return on Equity: Return on equity capital is a measure of the rate of return flowing to the banks shareholder. It approximates the net benefit that the shareholders have received from investing their capital in the bank. During the period of 2001-2005 the average return on the equity was 17. 2%. The ratio was stable over the period. The bank has able to maintain the stability of income. Return on Assets: The Return on the asset is primarily indicator of managerial efficiency. It indicates how capably the management of the bank has been converting the institutions assets into net earning. During the period of 2001-2005 the average ratio was 2. 00%. It was not so attractive but good thing