Professional Responsibilities Legislation Essay

â€Å"Teachers must meet their professional responsibilities consistent with the institute’s (IFL’s) professional values.† (IFL) One of the IFL’s many codes of professional practice. Upholding the code of conduct and relevant legislation is the basis for you as a teacher. Among the legislature you need to understand is the importance of the health and safety act (1974) – it says all workers are entitled to work in a safe environment where risks are properly controlled. The HSWA act is also the umbrella under which more specific regulations such as the Manual handling act 1992 (amended 2002) are made. Another fundamental element of workplace health and safety management – and also a legal requirement – is RIDDOR; the reporting of injuries, diseases and dangerous occurrences regulations 1995. Also of great importance – the childcare act 2006, it stipulates every child should get the support they need to be healthy, safe, and enjoy and achieve economic wellbeing. As a teacher you also need to have your own professional values – views, beliefs that will underpin your profession. â€Å"A good teacher is more than a lecturer.† (AMEE 2000) You are no longer a dispenser of information or a walking tape recorder but instead you are a facilitator or manager of the students learning. You are there to ensure all learners have access to the same resources, the same support and you don’t differentiate – instead embrace and respect people’s differences and their choices. You are there to guide them, provide information and offer suggestions. But it has to be a 2 way process, by helping them you will also develop your skills because â€Å"teaching is itself a learning process for the teacher† (Joyce, Showers 2002). Everyone is different and you need to be prepared and have contingency plans for all levels of knowledge and skill – you will find bored students make bad students. They don’t just have a variety of levels but also different learning styles, be sure to have a mix of kinaesthetic, visual and audio resources. You can use handouts with the camera instructions on, a video showing how it works, and then let them try themselves. It is your responsibility to ensure all students no matter how diverse are given equal learning opportunities – that means assuming different roles. So for Learner X (names are confidential) you need to be firm, authoritative, Learner Y asks a lot of questions – be prepared to listen and summarise, Learner Z needs more encouragement.

Improving Schools Essay

There are many improvements that can be made to our school. These improvements will progress the school into a higher grade of learning for students. There are many different facets to our school and small, inexpensive, environmentally friendly changes need to be made. Making changes to the school will help the students achieve higher grades, and therefore have even more university and college acceptance. Improvements such as free internet, a library on campus and free parking will for sure be solutions with a positive aftermath. My first suggestion to improving the school is free internet. Internet can be a positive solution for those students in St. Louis that English is not their first language. They can access translation sites to help them better understand the reading material and course assignments. Diagrams for courses with maps and graphs can be accessed on the internet. This will save paper for teacher, therefore creating a more environmentally friendly place and also will help students see the diagrams first hand in colour. We have decided as a democratic society that education is a right, with this right we must provide the tools to make it accessible, the internet will further progress students learning in variable ways. My second suggestion is that we have a library on campus. Through the library we can borrow books; this is a great solution to those who can’t afford to buy books. Buying books outside of school can be expensive and what can you do with them after you read them, borrowing them for the library is a simple and environmentally friendly solution. The library is a good place also to work on assignments and group projects on the lunch hour, this helps students get the work done and hand it in on time and also provides a work space other than their house. In addition to the above point, since we decided education is a right, it is imperative that a library be added for those who can’t afford a computer, internet etc. A library is a place for those to access the tools to have a better learning experience such as typing out assignments and accessing internet for class. We have decided education is a right but again we must provide to make that right available to all. Lastly, we should have free parking. Free parking has many positive variables. For instance, if we issue free parking for students we could insist that students carpool to reduce parking space demand, this will also lower our ecological footprint and therefore be good for everyone. Students coming from Cambridge, have a hour long bus ride to  get to the Kitchener campus and most of them have to come to the the Kitchener campus because Cambridge doesn’t offer University level courses. Free parking would make that drive less of a hassle that it already is. Also many students as St. Louis have kids and or a job. Free parking would aid in getting to work on time, or getting their child from daycare on time. In conclusion, our school has made a great start. But it is time to make even more effort to make students success more efficient. With solutions like free internet, a library and free parking we will reduce our ecological impact, make student life more enjoyable, and having a higher acceptance to University and College. We have decided that schooling is a right, with that we need to give students what they need to succeed. Our society will better from educated people that can support themselves, rather than people that depend on society. Education is not only for the now, it is forever.

August Wilson and Racism Essay Sample

Ever since the civil war. African Americans have been fighting to keep an equality with everyone else. They weren’t merely contending to sit at a certain topographic point on a coach. or the right to vote. They wanted to be treated like human existences. There were certain people that basic human rights were awarded to at birth. they merely got them. Others. human rights are still being fought for. and it’s a barbarous. bloody battle. Recently. the battles have been a little more subtle-African Americans aren’t contending for their right to travel to the same schools as Whites. but they are still cognizant that are people that don’t think they should hold those rights. Womans are still contending for their right to do every bit much as work forces. Homosexual twosomes are contending tooth and nail for the right to acquire married. It seems. in America. there ever has to be a clip where person is being oppressed. When August Wilson was composing his dramas. he focused on the African American civilization in America. and how they were oppressed. and besides how their civilization was different from the civilization that we’re used to now. Fences follows Troy Maxon. a in-between elderly black adult male. who is married to Rose. and has three kids. each from different adult females. Troy is enraged that. being an African American. he can’t drive the refuse trucks at work-even though he can non read. and doesn’t even hold his driver’s licence. He doesn’t look to be a bad individual. at bosom. He gives Lyons. his boy from his first matrimony. money whenever he asks. but the money does non come without a monetary value. Troy complains to Lyons that he is neer traveling to acquire the money back. although. subsequently on in the drama. we do see Lyons pay his male parent back. His friend. Bono. begins oppugning Troy. because he thinks Troy is holding an matter with Alberta. a adult female from Tallahassee. We shortly find out that Bono’s leery are true-Alberta gets pregnant. and so gives birth to. Troy’s 3rd kid. Raynell. Troy’s dreams were dashed when he was immature. because he went to gaol. and hence wasn’t able to prosecute a calling in baseball. Because his life was. fundamentally. ruined. he turns to believing semblances that he comes up with in his ain caput. He seems to hold given up on his ain life. accepted his destiny and what will neer be. He talks lovingly about what could hold. but in world neer would hold happened to him if he had neer gone to imprison. The one thing that Troy seems to be able to make right is accept duty for things that he has to-he takes attention of his married woman and his childs. even the bastard 1. The reader is forced to hold a love/hate relationship with Troy. He takes attention of his household. yes. but he besides forces them to be responsible. stating his boy Lyons to acquire a ‘real job’ alternatively of being a instrumentalist. and his other boy Corey to give up on seeking to go a football star. but meanwhile. he goes away and has an matter. In The Piano Lesson. a brother and a sister battle over what to make with an old household heirloom. a piano. Boy Willie. the brother. wants to sell it and purchase the land that his household were slaves on. The sister. Bernice. wants to maintain it. The inquiry August Wilson wanted to inquire with this drama was ‘what is your bequest. and what do you desire to make with it? ’ African Americans didn’t have much in the manner of bequests up until late. After they were slaves. it was difficult for them to happen steady occupations and really get anything that they could go forth behind. Two Trains Runing focal points on the migration of inkinesss to up north. There was less blazing racism. yes. but many African Americans weren’t used to populating in metropoliss. much more used to the rural South. As inkinesss moved into the metropoliss. Whites moved out. go forthing vicinities that were bulk black. One ensuing country. called the Hill District. was a culturally active country. A resturant proprietor reminisces about how his resturant used to see much more concern. We find out that his edifice is traveling to be seized by the metropolis. and he is nervous as to what monetary value he’s traveling to acquire for it. Sterling. a immature adult male merely released from gaol. shows exitement over an approaching mass meeting. something that Memphis. the resturant proprietor. is contemptuous about. August Wilson addresses many jobs in these three dramas. but. non merely that. he examines black civilization with a critical oculus. He looks at the jobs in black civilization itself. non merely the jobs in society about black civilization. He doesn’t do his supporters flawless African American work forces. with evil. white scoundrels. Sometimes. the scoundrel is the African American themselves. but. since they are a creative activity of society’s problems. whose mistake is it. truly?

Choose two pieces of literature, one labeled fantasy and one labeled Essay

Choose two pieces of literature, one labeled fantasy and one labeled realistic fiction that treat the same important theme, such as family, getting along with your peer group, the value of imagination, etc - Essay Example However, Salinger’s book is ultimately more effective, because it must function in a world familiar to reality, rather than a fantasy world of whimsy. In Frank Herbert’s â€Å"Dune,† Paul Atriedes is a young prince whose family moves to a desert planet. After the death of his father, Paul must join with local freedom fighters to overthrow the Harkonnen spice empire. In the process, Paul becomes a sort of living legend, and a combination Muhammad- and Jesus-figure. He is able to do this because â€Å"Dune† is not a world that has to function familiar to the reader’s reality. In Salinger’s book, Holden Caulfield is also a sort of prince; his parents are wealthy, he is white, and he goes to an expensive boarding school. And like Paul, he must overcome his demons and become a man. But it is much harder for Holden, because he is intimately familiar with the crazy world that is close to New York reality (realistic fiction). And instead of earning the respect and women of freedom fighters through knife fighting, Holden is taken advantage of and beat up by a pimp. His story is funnier, and also more human than Paul’s; this is because his story has to function by the rules of

Spreadsheet Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Spreadsheet Report - Essay Example A company’s income statement is perhaps more important because it shows whether or not the business has achieved or failed to achieve its primary objective-earning a ‘profit’ or ‘net income’ Initially, Paid-up capital of Rose, Aisha, John and David was  £2000 for the initial stock purchases in order to start their enterprise commercial activities which were received from Rose, Aisha, John and David as an equal shares of  £500 each partner. During the year 2007/08 the following financial transaction occurred. Although the enterprise has a good return on employed capital which is approximately thee time more than the capital employed, but the same time there is big difference between G.P margin and N.P margin which 33.76% (60.36%-26.60%) it means the enterprise bearing significant expenses as well the enterprise paid a big total of payable tax 1088.83 which is 17.5% of the profit before tax. In order to get the optimum profit margin the enterprise should reduce their expenses. Each of the partners Rose, Aisha, John and David had contributed and equal amount of share which is  £500 of the total paid –up capital with this connection all the profit of the enterprise will be distributed at the same ratio to all the partners as shown below: The total sales of the enterprise for the first year calculated as  £19297.10 but if the enterprise intended to increase its income by 20% from the first year with this intention the enterprise would have to increase its sales by  £3859.42 which would reach  £23156.52 for the year 2008/09. Therefore the enterprise would have to increase its purchases by 20% as like for the first year cost of goods sold was  £7650 so the enterprise will have to purchase the additional goods by 20% which will increase the expenditure by  £1530 and the total cost of goods sold will be amounted to  £9180.The whole budgeting scenario for the year ended 2008/09 is illustrated as below. By

Learning the art of good composition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Learning the art of good composition - Essay Example writing an essay will be easy and even fun to a person who is aware of the steps and strategies involved in this process. â€Å"Learning the art of good composition and written expression takes years of practice.† (Wyldeck 2008, P. 5). Following certain tips or guidelines can be useful in the process of effective essay writing and it is important to follow the basic structure of essay, whatever the topic may be. Understanding the essay topic exactly is of primary significance and it is important to undertake a thorough research to begin the essay writing process by gathering information relevant to preparing a strong argument or thesis. After making a good knowledge base on the topic, one may start analyzing the arguments of the essay, clearly defining the claims, writing out the reasons and the evidence. At this stage, a good brainstorming can be greatly useful as it will help one in focusing on the major argument. The next stage involves preparing the thesis statement which is the main point of the essay summed up in a concise sentence and a good essay requires a clear thesis. Outlining the essay structure and main points can be most useful in organizing the essay as a whole. Now, it is time to write down an effective introduction which can grab the attention of the readers, set up the issue of discussion, and lead in to the thesis argument. In preparing the body of the essay, arrange and organize the major arguments in a precise manner, neatly supported and elaborated with evidences, arguments, illustrations etc.

Superstition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Superstition - Essay Example This accounts for the reason for the persistence of superstition. With the advancement of times, there has been expansion of knowledge and science has served to provide for explanations that were not previously known. Despite of this, superstition is still present in the society. Superstitious beliefs are influenced by people who are close to us which include family members and friends. These beliefs are also influenced by the cultural norms. My mother is a believer of a superstition that is known as missing teeth dream. She believes that when a person dreams about loose, rotten, or missing teeth, it indicates that a family member or a close friend is very sick or even near death. Her belief was further strengthened when five years ago she dreamt of falling teeth. One of her relatives died due to a rare disease just a few weeks after her dream. She also narrates an incident when her friend had a similar dream of missing teeth which was followed by the death of her niece from malaria. This belief was passed on to my mother from my grandmother and it was further strengthened by her neighbour who also upheld this superstitious belief. This superstition was very famous in my local culture. One of my very close friends also believed in this superstition. She told me that she had a missing teeth dream which was soon followed by the death of her uncle due to a heart attack. I am sure that if she sees a similar dream again, she would be very worried and would call her closed ones to ensure that they are safe and in good health. I had a similar dream too and it made me worried as well. But I tried to ignore it and no untoward happening occurred following my dream. The superstition about the missing teeth dream has been found in many cultures which include the Egyptian and the Greek culture. It is also believed upon in many Asian countries. My friend who resides in Malaysia held a similar belief about

Introduction to computers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Introduction to computers - Essay Example A hybrid network system incorporates both peer-to-peer needs as well as client server needs while at the same time reducing the cost of setup. In this network system, a server will be setup as well as personal computers (mini computer) setup as a client computer to facilitate access to the server. The integration of the two types of networks ensures security flexibility and prepares the company for expansion to in case it grows into a bigger corporation. With this type of network, access to the server and the company’s information requires an account and permissions from the network administrator. A software package to be acquired. To facilitate the proper running of this network system both system software and application software are required. The system software – which essentially will be windows 7 since it’s the most recent and stable version – controls all the hardware and the application software present. To guard the computer system against unautho rized access, malicious attacks, and spyware, firewall applications have to be installed. This antivirus should be able to detect and block unauthorized access to the computer system information. The best player in the market to fully protect CAL’s information is Kaspersky internet security. This is the best since it protects the system in real time. Word processing software is essential for creating, editing and formatting the company’s documents and hence it must as well be installed in the computers to facilitate these operations. As at the moment, the best word processor software is from Microsoft (MS word) which has all this functionalities plus many more. Furthermore accounting software and accounting system needs to be installed on the server to mange the inventory of the company. The based system being the web –based inventory management system Additional hardware to be attached to the CPU To enable printing of documents, printers must be attached to the CPU2. Sharing of this printer should be enabled to facilitate access by every member user of a client computer. Also, visual display units must be attached

Management and Leadership development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Management and Leadership development - Essay Example In almost all firms, the top management is the trend setter and it has to demonstrate a high level of commitment towards the development of a workforce which is flexible, competitive and proactive (Gloet, 2006; Plessis & Beaver, 2010). When a strategic approach of HRM is implemented, it will ensure that HR is the top most priority. HRM is effectively integrated with the company’s strategy, mission/vision and long-term goals (Blackman, O’Flynn & Mishra, 2010; Lengnick-Hall et al., 2009). Strategic HRM is fostering strategic management thinking on all levels. This allows the leaders to be involved in the strategic planning process (Lepak et al., 2006). It is a mechanism employed by leading organisations for developing a workforce plan and determining the priority objectives to be attained. It also focuses on the course of action that can be taken for successful accomplishment of the desired objectives (Jaakson, Tamm & Hammal, 2011; Tahilaramani, 2010; Way & Johnson, 2005). Hence, with proper implementation of Strategic HRM within an organisation, there would be an enhanced and supportive workplace learning environment that can be cultivated. This will ensure that the company has the capability of responding to HR related issues proactively and proficiently (Singh, Darwish & Anderson, 2012). Currently strategic HRM is a major contributing factor in the organisation’s corporate strategy. Therefore, it is imperative for the top management to ensure a proper link between the desired objectives and competency level of the employees (Caliskan, 2010; Way & Johnson, 2005). The main purpose of Strategic HRM is to help the company develop an effective employee or workforce plan. This will assist it in managing the employees effectively (Allen & Wright, 2006; Martin, Gollan & Grigg, 2011). It emphasises the need of coordinating activities at all levels i.e. corporate,

Comparative Analysis of The Cut-glass bowl and Benediction by F.Scott Essay

Comparative Analysis of The Cut-glass bowl and Benediction by F.Scott Fitzgerald - Essay Example Cut-glass Bowl is a story about Evelyn Piper, a housewife in New York society who a superficial and pretty woman. Evelyn had been cheating on her husband of seven years for six months, and the affair was the talk of the town until the husband found out. The bowl in question is the center of this story because it disintegrates with Evelyn’s life to bring about several tragedies, and eventually finishes her. In the two stories, Fitzgerald uses the major characters to explore the issues of morality vs. secular, reality vs. illusion and the wistful sadness of romance, which is the focus of this comparison. The Benediction story presents a conflict between morality and secular. This is noticed when Lois asks his brother and friends at the seminary why they joined the brotherhood while still young. She believes that they should explore the other side of the world (secular) before they join the seminary studies and commit to celibacy. She questions whether the decision to celibate be fore experiencing the pleasures of the world is good or not. This presents indecision that some people who strongly wish to join seminary may have. For instance, some young Catholics are held back by the desire to got out and experience the world before committing to celibacy. As a result, the decision to hold back on joining seminary at a young age might bar some people from entering the studies and thus, living a secular life. This might also raise the question of what the society thinks about celibacy, is it morally good?. Nevertheless, Keith and his friends are satisfied with their lives at the seminary, and from them we learn that celibacy at a young age is not a bad idea. Similarly, the issue of morality in the society presents itself through the actions of Evelyn in Cut-glass Bowl. Evelyn is unfaithful to her husband as she has been seeing Gedney for a period of six months until her husband found out, and that is when she decided to end. This portrays what happens in this New York society. Housewives become too lonely until they decide to seek affection from somewhere else since the husbands are too busy to give them attention. Though this is immoral behavior, they believe that it is the right way to relieve their loneliness and frustrations experienced in marriage. Evelyn is also described as a heartbreaker defining her character before she got married. What is more fascinating in the story is that divorce is not an option for Evelyn and her husband because it is considered immoral in the society. Therefore, this implies that having an affair is not considered wrong, but divorce is, which is supported by Evelyn’s husband who acknowledges that the affair was just a mistake. Reality vs. illusion is also a concept widely explored by Fitzgerald in the two stories. For instance, in Benediction, Lois cannot separate what is reality and what is an illusion. This is revealed on her visit to her brother’s school where he is learning to become a Je suit priest. First, she wants to end her relationship with Harold, but she does not have a reason to for this. She gets the illusion that things will never work between them. She is confused about the true meaning or religion and Catholicism, in which she shows indifference towards it. However, something magical happens to her during the Benediction service whereby she experiences genuine righteousness (Brye 38). Her conversion reveals the underlying reality or ultimate truth that is

Non-Profit Clubs Essay Example for Free

Non-Profit Clubs Essay Earned conducting business and club income. E. g. Membership fees, sale of refreshments, donations, etc. Not sale of assets. Gain to club. Increase surplus. Answer: -membership fees -entrance fees -sale of refreshments -sale of uniforms Question Two: Definition of Expenditure: Refers to the amounts paid or payable. Normally incurred while running the club. Necessary to generate income. Either used up immediately or have no lasting value. Loss to club. Decrease surplus. Debited to Nominal accounts section in General Ledger. E. g. Rent expense, stationary, electricity, wages, etc. Answer: -uniforms to sell -refreshments to sell -electricity -water -rent expense -salaries/wages -stationary Question Three: Answer: †¢Membership Fees: –also known as subscriptions. -usually most important income (revenue) to a club, major portion. -together with additional income, cover expenses. -fixed amount. -paid by members of club. -usually payable annually, sometimes quarterly or even monthly. income to club. †¢Income Receivable/Accrued income: (same as usual), income still owed to us but not yet received. E. g. members who have not yet paid subscription. †¢Income Received in advance: (same as usual), income received before it was due to be paid. E. g. members that pay their subscription early. †¢Honorarium: -certain people that do a lot of work (bulk of the work) for the club are occasionally voted a sum of money (remunerated) as a token of appreciation at the end of the year. -expense to club. Entrance Fees: -new members may be expected to pay a fee to join the club. -normally a once off fee. -I. e. when the member joins for the first time. -income to club. †¢Affiliation Fees: -if the club wants to enter a team to play other teams in the area then the club needs to pay an ‘affiliation fee’ to the organising body. -paid annually. -expense to club. †¢Accounts using the same principle as â€Å"consumable stores† and â€Å"consumable stores on hand† and also â€Å"expenses prepaid’, etc. do in a trading concern: -e. g. tennis balls’ and ‘tennis balls on hand’ -in clubs these consumable stores are sometimes also sold as â€Å"trading stock† -once the it em is used (not necessarily used up), (by the club), it is immediately considered an expense. †¢ Refreshments: -recorded the same as one would record trading stock. †¢Membership Fees Written Off: -members would get expelled if their membership fees are not paid over a long period of time (and warning) and their bad debts would be written off. -same principal as writing off bad debts in a trading oncern. Question Four: Answer: Membership fees are due on the first day of each year. They are paid annually, directly to the club. The club has a meeting at the end of each year to clarify the membership fees of the next year. An invoice will be sent out to each member indicating the money due to the club on the first day of the year. This fee must be paid by the end of the first month. If it isn’t, the member will be addressed by the club via an email. By the end of the second month, a letter will be sent in the post. This letter will warn them of the repercussions of not paying and advise them on how they can go about paying if they are struggling (a percentage each month). These warnings will continue for the entire year. In the last month of the year they will get the final warning, which will be via email, post and face to face, in which they will be warned that if not paid by the last day of the year, the club will expel the member. If the membership fee is still not paid by the first day of the next year, it will be written off and the member will be expelled.

Meditations Essay Example for Free

Meditations Essay Rene Descartes’ Meditations paved way to the enquiry of the epistemological nature of knowledge – a paradigm shift from an ontological priority to an epistemological priority of philosophizing. In this regard, Descartes believed that the fundamental source of knowledge is reason. As such, knowing material objects can only come upon an entity which is not external to us – that is the mind. The certainty of our understanding then rests on the clarity and distinctness of ideas constituting formal reality and not upon the immediate perception of an object. With this, he attempted to prove the existence of the Cogito, of God and dualism of the mind and the body, the methodic doubt as his primary grounding to prove the truthfulness of his claims. Let us now then analyze the seemingly problematic suppositions Descartes posits. One is dualism of the mind and body. It is because it is hard to conceive how two different things interact with each other. One indicator of such is when the mind chooses to do a specific action and the body seems to willingly do the action the mind chose. Another is when we perceive objects in the external world, our mind grasp and process the forming of these images based on our sense perception. Nevertheless, the primary question one can posit on the whole philosophy of Descartes is the appropriateness of granting existence to the conceptual entities in the mind. Existence, for Descartes, is proven through the recognition of the mind based on intuitions which manifest clarity and distinctness (or inner awareness where the mind and body are inseparable yet different from each other). By clarity, he claimed that it is the presence of an idea/object, and by distinctness, it is the relationship of clear ideas/objects and how its relationship distinguishes what belongs to an idea/object. Furthermore, he also claimed that substances are the building blocks of reality, categorized into two: the mind and the body. As such, he further maintained that these substances have primary attributes: the mind which is thought and the body, the extension. Ideas, for Descartes, are the modes of thought that link the mind and the world because they have formal and objective reality. By the former, he meant the kind of reality things have in this world and by the latter, the reality of objects represented by ideas. Hence, an idea can have formal reality because it is the mode of thought itself and it can also have an objective reality because it represents something outside of itself. In his work, one can deduce that he is certain only in his existence. As such, making him a thinking substance. He asserted that he comes to know this fact through clear and distinct perception, and logically it would follow that all his other clear and distinct perceptions are true in reference to formal and objective reality. In order to confirm the truthfulness of these clear and distinct perceptions, he proved the existence of a benign God which relies on the Mediator’s cognition of clear and distinct ideas. Even if we exempt the possibility of granting existence to fictitious entities for we may have clear and distinct perception of them, the possibility of granting existence to other conceptual entities in our mind is still questionable. First, I believe that we can only have clear and distinct perception of the conceptual entities through our senses – that is they exist in the physical realm. By that, I mean that we can have conception and understanding (on the context on how can we know them) primarily because they have manifestations in the physical world as also with regards to certain logical principles. For example, my understanding or even my idea of a tree originates from my perception of that tree in reality. Second, even if I can have clear and distinct perception of a God, it does not mean that a god/God indeed exist which cause my idea of God as what Descartes claimed. Arguably, there may be some other entity or there may be the possibility this world is just made up of matter and energy. Hence, there is no higher being which exists. It can be deduced then the appropriateness of granting existence to conceptual entities in the mind only comes if we could know their truth in the physical realm. As such, Descartes claimed of the mind being non-erroneous in granting existence to things/objects in this world is held in question.

Afforestation and Deforestation

Afforestation and Deforestation Forests are threatened by both biotic and a-biotic factors such as climatic hazards, diseases prompted by insects or pathogens, threats of a purely anthropogenic nature, fires, atmospheric pollution, deforastation, and the increase in social pressures.ÂÂ   But this classic division is a bit artificial, since man is partly responsible for all these threats.ÂÂ  Indeed the mark of human actions is always present : it is however relatively moderate concerning climatic disorder despite the emissions of greenhouse gases, responsible for important destructions ; it is average in the sensitive growth of certain artificial forestry stands prone to parasitic attacks ; it is preponderant in the phenomena of atmospheic pollution or of deforestation. These aggressions will therefore be classed by groups but keeping an effort to maintain classification by growing order of mans implications, and therefore the possibility of theoretical intervention will also increase. Agricultural purposes Grazing cattle or planting crops. Poor farmers in developing countries chop down a small area of trees and burn them, which provide nutrients for the soil (know as the Slash-and-Burn technique). This supply is quickly exhausted so the farmers move on to a fresh area, and the cycle starts again. This occurs on a much larger scale for intensive or modern agriculture e.g. large cattle pastures often replace rain forest to grow beef . Commercial logging the cutting down of trees for sale as timber or pulp. In the developed world, there are increasing demands for hardwoods such as mahogany and ebony. The rate at which trees are felled is increasing to meet these demands. People in third world countries need the timber for firewood, as its practically the only source of fuel available to people living there. The heavy machinery used (e.g. bulldozers) is just as damaging to a forest overall as the chainsaws are to individual trees. Climatic hazards and natural catastrophes Climatic hazards or natural catastrophes are pratically independent from the actions of the man. However, the worries concerning eventual future climatic changes, due to the consequences of green house gases from industrial pollution are going to grow. It is sufficient to study here not the ways of fighting these aggressions, but those measures to take before forestry stands are subjected to these events.ÂÂ   Forests are submitted more than any other terrestrial ecosystem to climatic hazards, due to the duration of their maturity, wich can take up to 200 years. In such a period the number of climatic hazards can be great. Storms and win-blow Storms have had an important destructive effect throughout this century, especially throughout the last twenty five years in Europe, destroying millions of m3 of wood, the following 1990, almost 110 million m3 destroyed throughout Europe.ÂÂ   1999, 140 million m3 in France.ÂÂ   These anarchic destructions greatly perturb cutting cycles and general forestry work. Delaying The development of the forest and disrupting the wood market. Against such freak winds forestry management has very little power. However, although foresters are unable to prevent such catastrophes, they have the power to limit the destruction of violent winds by favouring the development of stands that are more wind resistant, and by adopting a prudent and diverse outlook towards management. Periods of drought Water stress renders forestry stands very fragile. They can arise either by a change in the distribution of water throughout the seasons, for the same quantity of annual precipitation (the supply therefore being brought forward in relation to the demand of forest stands), or by a fall in the annual volume of precipitation. It has now been established that the numerous cases of dieback observed in forests stands throughout the world in the last ten years (which at the time were entirely blamed on atmospheric pollution) are due in part, to periodic water stress. In fact, those observations realised concern those forests in regions subjected to strong pollution fall out, but also forests of less affected regions. ÂÂ   Biotic Threats Diseases and the attack of insects : brief overview of the situationÂÂ   Insects and fungi play an important part towards the causes of dieback in many forests of the world.ÂÂ   These biotic agents intervene, either as primary agressors, or most often as secondary agressors, often attacking already weakened stands. The examples of diseases and illnesses caused by pathogens are unfortunately numerous and only a few will be outlined. These illnesses develop, either as a result of native pathogenic activity, or by the invasion of the non-native agents in non-resistant stands. Robredo and Cadahia drew up a very complete table of the world situation concerning this problem during the tenth world forestry congress, from wich the following text is largely inspired (in COLLECTIF. The forest, inheritance of the future Acts of the tenth forestry congress . French forestry revue. Nancy, 1991.). In North Africa, natural cedar stands are attacked by xylophitic insects , during periods of climatic stress. In Spain,ÂÂ  Abies pinsapoÂÂ  is subjected to combined attacks of theFungiÂÂ  Fomes annosus, and xylophitic and cortical perforating insects. In Europe, dieback can be observed amongst various oak species, most notably, the cork oak and evergreen oak (attacks ofÂÂ  DiplodiaÂÂ  andHypoxilon). In Quebec, the pine shoot moth periodically attacks the annual shoots of (Abies balsamea and Picea glauca) as in the whole of the North East of North America. This indigenous insect reaches epidemic proportions roughly every thirty years. The last infestation (1938-1958) provoked the death of 60 % of Firs and 20 % of Spruces. At the end of 1975, an epidemic breakout covered 35 million ha of Quebec. Fires:-Fire has always been an element present in many forestry ecosystems. Natural causes of fire exist such as lightening and volcanic eruptions. The area subjected to natural fires has been very important and can cover millions of hectares. However the lapse of time is generally long between successive fires, permitting the ecosystem to recover and reconstitute itself.ÂÂ   Large fires have always ravaged the surface of the earth. In the North of China, 1.33 million ha went up in flames in 1987 ; more than 3.5 million ha were burnt in Kalimantan (Borneo) between 1982 and 1983 ; in 1988, 400.000 ha were destroyed by fire in the United States in yellow stone national park. Recently in 1993, considerable damage was done by an enormous fire in Australia. The importance of human factor The main causes of contemporary fires and anthropogenic : This is the case with the recurrent fires in the European Mediterranean zone, or those fires provoked in tropical humid zones, which have their goal the clearing of land for agriculture. In dry tropical zones with mixed broadleaved forests and rich undergrowth, human populations have always used fire to make way for grazing and agriculture. In Europe, figures gathered by the FAO permit one to establish the area of forest burnt annually between 1980 and 1988, i.e. some 585.000 ha. During the same period North America lost some 3.5 million hectares of forest to fires. That percentage attribued to human causes being around 97% in Europe, 91% in the United States and 66% in Canada. Very little is known concerning the equivalent information for the entire world. The total wooded surface touched by fire annually is around 10 million hectares, which represents some 0.3% of the total world forested area. However the impact of these fires is more important than this small percentage suggests. In fact, in the zones where the frequence of fires is high, the destructive character of such fires is worsened by the fact that forest stands do not have the time to reconstitute themselves between the passage of two consecutive fires.ÂÂ   An Integrated policy for the prevention and fighting of fires The methods of fighting fires must be adapted to the socio-cultural environment in which they are put into place. Developed countries Developed countries possess the necessary materials to permit them to carry out a No-fire policy in order to satisfy public opinion, which is generally very sensitive to this form of threat to the natural environment. In this case, a perfect coordination between terrestrial and aerial fire fighting means must be provided, in addition to the active participation of the public and private forestry sectors, for example, in the participation of preventive operations and detective procedures.ÂÂ   Developing countries In developing countries or in natural regions wich are less densely populated, one must accept that a part of the wooded surface will be burnt. This practice is due to an agro-silvo-pastoral culture wich includes positive elements and is therefore difficult to condemn. Solutions can not be looked for without taking into account the subsistence requirements of those populations concerned. 3. BENEFITS OF AFORESTATION Afforestation refers to the conversion of wasteland into a woodland or forest. It is essentially the transformation of land which has not been forested for a period of more than 40 year to woodland through seeding and planting. Afforestation is the best technique used to minimize the greenhouse effect. Therefore, there is constant necessity to develop afforestation programs in order to preserve and protect the forestry including the wasteland. A massive afforestation program is required to meet the increasing demand of fuel wood, timber and fodder. Here are the main benefits of afforestation. 1. Preserves wildlife Afforestation is useful especially when it comes to protecting the wildlife. According to recent scientific studies, upland forest vegetation tends to affect the population of birds on neighboring unplanted moorlands. Planting of trees simply restores and maintains ecological balance of all systems in the environment. 2. Tourist attraction Trees provide oxygen and also help to preserve ecological splendor of the landscape which in turn attracts tourists from all parts of the world. 3. Minimizes soil erosion Soil erosion is significantly reduced as tree plantations prevent run off after heavy rains. In addition, trees bring soils together which prevents soil erosion. 4. Provides forest products With an increase in demand for forest and timber products, afforestation is very valuable due to the explosion of livestock and human population. For that reason, construction of infrastructure has led to the demand of forest products. 5. Stabilizes the climate Planting of trees in semi-arid areas attracts rainfall. This way, agricultural practices such as irrigation are carried out efficiently. In addition, afforestation acts as a catchment for water and soil conservation.(5) 4 .EFFECT OF DEFORESTATION When forests are killed, nature basically requires people to renew the forest. Reforestation is one concept that is in the opposite direction as deforestation, but is proven to be a much harder effort than deforestation. So the rate of deforestation has not been offset by the rate of reforestation. Thus, the world is now in a troubled state when it comes to issues concerning the environment. Climate Change When an area of rainforest is either cut down or destroyed, there are various climate changes that happen as a result. The following is a list of the various climate changes with a brief description of why they come about. Desication of previously moist forest soil What happens is because of the exposure to the sun, the soil gets baked and the lack of canopy leaves nothing to prevent the moisture from quickly evaporating into the atmosphere. Thus, previously moist soil becomes dry and cracked. Dramatic Increase in Temperature Extremes Trees provide shade and the shaded area has a moderated temperature. With shade, the temperature may be 98 degrees Farenheit during the day and 60 degrees at night. With out the shade, temperatures would be much colder during the night and around 130 degrees during the day. Moist Humid Region Changes to Desert This is related to the desicaiton of previously moist forest soil. Primarily because of the lack of moisture and the inability to keep moisture, soil that is exposed to the sun will dry and turn into desert sand. Even before that happens, when the soil becomes dry, dust storms become more frequent. At that point, the soil becomes usesless. No Recycling of Water Moisture from the oceans fall as rain on adjacent coastal regions. The moisture is soon sent up to the atmosphere through the transpiration of foliage to fall again on inland forest areas. This cycle repeats several times to rain on all forest regions. Less Carbon Dioxide and Nitrogen Exchange The rainforests are important in the carbon dioxide exchange process. They are second only to oceans as the most important sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide. The most recent survey on deforestaiton and greenhouse gas emisions reports that deforestation may account for as much as 10% of current greenhouse gas emmisions. Greenhouse gases are gases in the atmosphere that literally trap heat. There is a theory that as more greenhouse gasses are released into the atmosphere, more heat gets trapped. Thus, there is a global warming trend in which the average temperature becomes progressivily higher. The ozone layer is a mass of oxygen or O3 atoms that serves as shield in the atmosphere against the harmful ultraviolet rays from the sun. Because ozone is made up of oxygen atoms, oxygen react with carbon monoxide. Such reaction would use up oxygen It follows that when there are more carbon monoxide atoms going to the atmosphere, the volume of oxygen would decline. Such is the case of ozone depletion. More Desertification According to the United Nations Enviromental Programme (UNEP) in 1977, deforestation is an important factor contributing to desertificaiton. What is unclear is how fast deserts are expanding is controversial. According to UNEP, between 1958 and 1975, the Saharen Desert expanded southward by about 100km. In 1980 UNEP estimated that desertification threatened 35 per cent of the worlds land surface and 20 per cent of the worlds population. Recently, groups challenged those conclusions. Some scientists claim that the conclusion were based on insufficient data. Nevertheless, desertification still threatens more and more drylands. 7. (Soil Erosion Soil ErosionÂÂ   The trees and shrubs in a forest cover the ground and protect the soil from the rain. Tree leaves intercept the rain fall, and shrubs and leaf litter protects the soil from water dripping off the leaves. With this protection removed, the rain falls directly onto the bare soil and erodes it. The rain also leaches the soil of important nutrients, making it less fertile. 8. The Greenhouse EffectÂÂ   During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is taken in and oxygen is given out. Deforestation removes the carbon sinks, and coupled with the carbon dioxide emitted from the burning of fossil, the levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increase. The carbon dioxide forms a blanket around the earth and traps heat from solar radiation. This is called the greenhouse effect, and causes the average temperature of the earth to rise. If this continues, the polar ice caps could melt and cause flooding. 9. Disruption of the Hydrological CycleÂÂ   Deforestation can effect the local climate of an area by reducing the evaporative cooling that takes place from the soil and plants. Because the amount of evapotranspiration has been reduced, the formation of clouds and therefore precipitation is also reduced. This threatens the existence of the remaining plants in the forest. Deforestation can also cause flooding. In forested areas, flood water is absorbed into the soil and taken up by the tree roots. The water is then transpired through aerial parts of the plant and into the atmosphere, where it forms clouds. In deforested areas, the flood water runs across the area and is not stopped by vegetation. The top layer of soil is eroded in this process and gets transported into rivers where it causes the level of silt to rise. This rise in the river level causes floods to occur more frequently. Less evaporation also means that more of the suns energy is used to warm the surface and consequ ently the air above, leading to a rise in temperatures. 10. Spreading of DiseaseÂÂ   the mosquito, anopheles darlingi, which spreads malaria parasites, breeds in pools of water that are created in deforested land and on eroded land. Deforestation therefore favours a population explosion of this species. 11. Flooding. Deforestation can result to watersheds that are no longer able to sustain and regulate water flows from rivers and streams. Trees are highly effective in absorbing water quantities, keeping the amount of water in watersheds to a manageable level. The forest also serves as a cover against erosion. Once they are gone, too much water can result to downstream flooding, many of which have caused disasters in many parts of the world. As fertile topsoil is eroded and flooded into the lower regions, many coastal fisheries and coral reefs suffer from the sedimentation brought by the flooding. This results to negative effects in the economic viability of many businesses and fatalities in wildlife population. 12. Other Effects (a) Demand for land for cultivation. This has been seen both in Kenya and other parts of the world especially countries that have Agriculture as the backbone of their economy. Trees have been cut down to obtain land for cultivation of both subsistence and cash crops, both by governments and individuals. b) Need for firewood People, especially those who live in rural areas where electricity and gas are unavailable, resort to use of firewood as a source of heat. Here, wood is cut down and burnt. c) Need for land to build industries Industries require a lot of land and while industrialization is important for every country, it is the bane of large tracts of forest. People need jobs in order to provide for their daily needs. d) Need for land to build houses With the worldwide increase in population, land to build houses for people to live in is very much required. e) Need for wood for furniture, pencils, paper etc) There many rewards such as clean air and clean water, perhaps the two most important, that forests provide. Rainforests also provide many aesthetic, recreational and cultural rewards. If the rainforests are destroyed, then these rewards dissappear. This has major social repercusions for the entire world. Effect to biodiversity Destruction of animal habitats: Apart from domesticated animals and marine and fresh water animals, all other animals need forests as their habitats. These forests do not only provide a place for the animals to roam day but also provide their food and act as a source of protection from predators through camouflage. Destruction of the animals habitats literally kills the animals. Medicinal Plants: Some trees are used as herbs. Trees such as the Cinchona have been used as treatment against Malaria since time immemorial. Destruction of these forests leads to destruction of medicinal plants that could be used as treatment for various ailments. Forests are natural habitats to many types of animals and organisms. That is why, when there is deforestation, many animals are left without shelters. Those that manage to go through the flat lands and residential sites are then killed by people. Through the years, it is estimated that there are millions of plant and extinct animal species that have been wiped out because they have been deprived of home. Thus, biodiversity is significantly lowered because of the savage deforestation practices of some people. Wildlife advocates have been constantly reminding that several wild animals left in the world could still be saved if deforested forests would only be reforested and the practice of slash and burn of forests would be totally abandoned. Social effects of deforestation Deforestation is hardly hitting the living conditions of indigenous people who consider forests as their primary habitats. Imagine how they are rendered homeless when forests are depleted. These natives would be forced to live elsewhere, and are usually left to becoming mendicants in rural and urban areas. water sinks in deeper to the ground, and eventually replenishing the supply of water in the water table. Now, imagine what happens when there is not enough forests anymore. Water from rain would simply flow through the soil surface and not be retained by the soil. Overall, effects of deforestation cannot be offset by the contribution of the practice to development. While it is logical that progress is very much needed by mankind, it must also be noted that nature knows no defeat. Destruct it and it would certainly retaliate, one way or another. Pollution is rapidly growing along with population. Forests are greatly helping reduce the amount of pollutants in the air. So, the depletion of these groups of trees is greatly increasing the risk that carbon monoxide would reach the atmosphere and result in the depletion of the ozone layer, which in turn results to global warming. 5. SOLUTION OF DEFORESTATION ReforestingÂÂ   this is especially popular in Vietnam, where most of their forests were destroyed during the war. Now, every pupil has to plant a tree and look after it. BansÂÂ   generally, people want a ban on the logging of ancient-growth forests and possibly compensating companies for not logging certain areas. Sustainable ForestsÂÂ   using forest and the animals and plants that live in them in ways that do not permanently damage them. This could mean taking only as much timber or other products as the forests can support so that they will continue to be productive in future years. RecyclingÂÂ   an option for the wealthier countries in the world to cut down on their consumption of forest products in general. Protected AreasÂÂ   environmental organisations like WWF and Friend of the Earth can offer legal protection for certain areas by campaigning and informing governments over the necessity to protect a proportion of the world forests from destruction. ProduceÂÂ   an increase in demand for products which have their origin in tropical rainforests e.g. body creams, bath oils, sweets, fruits and nuts, would make the forests more secure, as a large number of trees are needed to produce a large yield. False Solutions:ÂÂ  1. Sustainable Commercial Logging On a governmental level, attempted solutions to deforestation caused by the timber industry have emphasised the necessity of supporting sustainable timber extraction. Such approaches assume, without supporting evidence, that rainforests can be used as an industrial resource base for timber on a sustainable basis. This has resulted in more rather than less deforestation. The International Tropical Timber Organisation (ITTO) has had to acknowledge that serious attempts at sustainable management of tropical rainforests for timber production are on a world scale, negligible. As well as the technical obstacles to sustainability, the industry has shown itself to be unable to operate free from corruption. The only systematic attempt to disclose such corruption has been in Papua New Guinea, where a recent inquire concluded that there can be no doubt that the timber industry, by its very nature, is conducive to acts of a criminal nature and acts contrary to law and proper government administration. The Tropical Forestry Action Plan (TFAP), the first major international initiative to tackle tropical deforestation, was launched in 1985 by the UNs Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), The World Resources Institute, the World Bank and the United Nations Development Programme. It claimed to offer a cure for tropical deforestation and its supposed causes, but its flaws were apparent from the outset. It was based on the assumption that poverty and overpopulation are the main underlying causes of tropical deforestation and failed to recognise the role of the developed countries. It paid lip service to the role of landlessness and destructive development, but made no real attempt to deal with them. The TFAP regarded deforestation as a result of too little government control and called for all rainforests to eventually come under government jurisdiction. Rather than calling for reforms to inequitable land ownership, the TFAP often requires annexation of traditional lands for governmen t forestry estates.ÂÂ   Donor countries are becoming unwilling to fund TFAP projects. Peru, Colombia, Panama and Argentina have received less than 10% of the funding required for their national TFAP projects. The US Senate is now refusing to fund the TFAP at all, and Britain has said it will withdraw from the Plan entirely unless coordination of the TFAP is moved out of the FAO. 3. The Limits of Reserve Strategies A significant proportion of tropical biodiversity would already be lost if nature reserves, often initiated by private conservation organisations, had not been established. However, all too often indigenous peoples, living harmoniously with their environment, have been expelled from protected areas or subjected to controls that have led to the disintegration of their cultures. It is a misconception to believe that nature reserves can conserve the greater proportion of the genetic diversity of tropical rainforests, where the number of individuals of each species per unit area tends to be low, but the total number of species can be enormous. On average, ten hectares of lowland tropical rainforest in South East Asia will contain more tree species than the whole of North America. It is therefore inevitable that any large-scale projects which destroy rainforests will lead to the extinction of hundreds of species. Only by providing the widest possible protection for the remaining primary rainforests will it be possible to save the greater part of the Earths biological diversity from extinction. Strictly protected nature reserves can only be a supportive measure in an overall programme for the protection of rainforest ecosystems. The creation of nature reserves must not be used as justification for the destructive exploitation of unprotected rainforest areas.ÂÂ   4. The International Biodiversity Programme The World Bank is pursuing the goal of a global Biodiversity Action Programme. Like the TEAP, this plan fails to confront underlying causes of biodiversity loss, and is likely to worsen the problem it is supposed to solve. Loss of biodiversity in tropical regions is due to the trend towards replacement of traditional species-rich agriculture and forestry with monocultures. Yet under the Biodiversity Programme, monocultures would be encouraged. The Programme sees the setting aside of reserves as the solution to the problem, but the minimum size required for viable areas of tropical forest is unknown. Worse, the setting aside of reserves is likely to be used as an excuse for the unrestricted exploitation of unprotected areas. The Programme would also increase the control of biodiversity by the North at the expense of the South. TOWARDS REALISTIC SOLUTIONS: Alternatives to destructive exploitation of tropical forests are to be found in small-scale initiatives coming from the grass roots in tropical countries, not from ill-conceived large-scale prestige projects such as the TFAP 1. Recognising the Rights of Traditional Owners. The Australian Rainforest Memorandum, produced by the Rainforest Information Centre and endorsed by over 40 non-governmental organisations, asserts that: The right to cultural survival for all tribal peoples is inviolable. All possible efforts should be made to support and safeguard their rights and those of other forest dwellers, in particular the right to security of land tenure.ÂÂ  About one thousand rainforest cultures still exist. Nearly all of them are in conflict with the development strategies of the dominant social classes and international development agencies that have taken control of their lands and who consistently ignore their basic rights and often even their very existence. It is significant that the most successful projects to save rainforests are those which have been carried out in cooperation with the traditional owners of the forests. In Papua New Guinea and Ecuador, the Rainforest Information Centre and other organisations have been involved in schemes which support the legitimate development aspirations of traditional landowners with small-scale autonomous projects. In 1990, the Colombian Government gave back half its Amazonian territory to its rightful Indian owners, acknowledging that they were the best guardians of the forest. In Malaysia, Indonesia and the many other countries where the rights of traditional owners have been ignored, attempts to save rainforests have been uniformly unsuccessful. 2. Non-Timber Values The economic value of keeping rainforests is often overlooked. Rainforests provide essential and renewable sources of fruits, starches, oils, medicines, firewood, animal products, building materials and other projects when extraction is well-managed. However, the value of rainforest goods and services to local human populations is usually ignored in the economic analyses upon which development decisions are based because these societies often operate with little involvement in the cash economy. In many tropical countries, major sections of the population depend directly on intact rainforests for their daily needs. The people of Papua New Guinea, for instance, obtain 58% of their animal protein from rainforest areas. In large regions of West Africa, people until recently met 65% of their animal protein needs from rainforests. This situation changed as the forests were destroyed by the establishment of export plantations and the timber industry. Although the careful management of non-timber forest products has considerable national and international; potential, these resources are being lost through the destruction of the tropical forests. In the Amazon, over two million people depend on rubber, Brazil nuts and other minor forest products without damaging the biological integrity of the rainforest. Recent studies have shown that the value of non-timber forest products often far exceeds the value of timber in tropical forests. A study in the rainforests of Peru showed that the economic value of the minor forest products, including fruits, resins and medicines which were actually being marketed, exceeded the value of use the forest for timber by nine to one. H

Should the U.S. Subsidize Public Grazing? Essay -- Farming Agricultur

Should the U.S. Subsidize Public Grazing? Public grazing has sparked disagreement ever since the first cattlemen came west. Whether the criticism came from fellow ranchers and homesteaders, or from the government and environmentalists, there have always been problems with the use of public resources. The United States should subsidize grazing on public lands. Opponents to subsidized grazing cite the economic and environmental benefits that would emerge if the grazing was to be greatly reduced or stopped. However, proponents of subsidized public grazing cite equally important benefits favoring the continuation of the program. The benefits of subsidized grazing extend beyond the rancher that holds the permit. Subsidized grazing occurs when the government leases public land to a rancher for the purpose of grazing. The grazing fee on the land is usually lower than comparable private land fees. The first public grazing in the United States was created by the Forest Service through the Timberland Reserve program in 1891 (Thomas 1994). Grazing fees were not charged until 1906 (The Secretary of Agriculture & Secretary of The Interior 1986). In 1934, the Taylor Grazing Act was created to establish control over grazing on public lands. The Independent Agencies Appropriations Act of 1952 stated that the grazing fees needed to be â€Å"self-sustaining, uniform, and fair and equitable to the public and user.† (The Secretary of Agriculture & Secretary of The Interior 1986) The concept of fair to both the public and the user is where the public grazing disagreement begins. Opponents to the public grazing program insist that the program is ineffective, a waste of money, detrimental to the land, and does not benefit enough of the public. ... ...ign. (2006, October 26). www.publiclandsranching.org Sparshott, J. (2003, December 8). Agricultural subsidies targeted. The Washington Times. Retrieved October 26, 2006, from http://www.washtimes.com/business/20031207-114046-8545r.htm The Beckoning (1997, February 24). The Debate of Western Ranching Economics. Retrieved October 26, 2006, from http://www.thebeckoning.com/environment/cattle/economic.html The Secretary of Agriculture & The Secretary of The Interior. (1986). Grazing Fee Review and Evaluation Final Report 1979-1985. Department of Agriculture Forest Service & Department of Interior Bureau of Land Management. 77. Thomas, H. S. (1994). History of public land grazing. Rangelands, 16(6), 250-255. Wikipedia (2006, October 24). Agricultural Subsidy Wikipedia. Retrieved October 26, 2006, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_subsidy

Automotive Energy Consumption Essay examples -- Automobiles Transporta

Automotive Energy Consumption In the United States, the automobile has come to be more than simply a means of transportation, but also a status symbol and a symbol of autonomy. As a status symbol, automobiles have gotten larger and more expensive, with little or no regard for efficiency or environmental impact. With the proliferation of the Sport Utility Vehicle (SUV), the average fuel efficiency of cars in the United States has begun to fall from a peak over a decade ago. With technological and material advances made in the last decade, it seems counterintuitive that average fuel economy had begun to decline. In order to understand the advances made in internal combustion engine technology, one must have a basic understanding of engines and the fuels they burn. Four Stroke Internal Combustion Engines The 4-stroke, internal combustion engine at the heart of most automobiles on the road today is relatively inefficient and produces high levels of pollutants. Even the most efficient gasoline burning internal combustion engines convert only 30-40% of the energy available in the fuel in to work. The rest of the energy is lost to heat, and is thrown away into the environment through a heat exchanger (radiator) or through exhaust gases. Exhaust gases account for much of the pollution generated by internal combustion engines. Gasoline, for example produces Greenhouse gases such as Carbon Monoxide (CO), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx’s) and releases unburned hydrocarbons (fuel) into the atmosphere. Greenhouse Gases are responsible for much of the depletion of the ozone layer, lead to global warming and pose health threats to humans. In addition to these drawbacks, fossil fuels are not in endless supply and co... ...ssil fuel supplies. In order for any course of action to have widespread success, the people must stand behind it. In the case of this investigation, the citizens of the United States need to understand the necessity of conservation and the consequences of non-conformance. This may require government- imposed penalties to businesses and individuals who don’t do their part to conserve. The exact details of such a system are not crucial at this moment, but rather a simple understanding of the outlook for the future. Without swift action in the near future to curb hydrocarbon consumption, both the environment and the world economy stand to suffer significantly. Sources http://www.gm.com/ http://www.energy.gov/ http://www.epa.gov/ http://www.fossilfuels.org/ http://www.thinkmobility.com/ http://www.afdc.doe.gov/ http://www.fueleconomy.gov/

Cultural Aspects of Korean Boshintang :: Papers

Does Korean plan to serve Boshintang soup for the visitors to Seoul during the World Cup tournament? This is one question from an American to Korean English newspaper last month, condemning Koreans for eating dog as cruel abuse to animal. Some of the Western media treat Koreans as savages for eating dog meat and put it on the air as a most intriguing piece of news. As well, many international people who know something of Korea or visit to Korea always ask about this dog-eating. And then, how should we react to this issue? Should we scold them back for lacking of understanding others? Or should we really feel embarrassed about this old part of our culture and throw away like old shoes? Boshintang is apparently our traditional food habit, which can be irrational and not easy to understand for foreigners. But whenever Koreans were heard criticism or asked about it, most of them could not defend themselves or answer the question logically. We have to know that it is our responsibility to inform them the right view of thinking. I am here now to give some interesting informations about ou r eating habit to look at it in a new light. What we eat or not is patterned by culture. Some eating habits may seem disgusting to others who don't share the same culture. A sense of cultural superiority is wrong because every culture is a specialized adaptation of environment. Korea is very cold during the winter, so it was difficult to raise cattle a long time ago. Besides, bullocks were the essential farming animals that pull plows and carts. As a result, generally eating beef in Korea was very uncommon to people. So Korean started to raise dogs which grew well even in the cold weather and without special food or care to obtain insufficient nutrition. Many westerners think that dogs have been bred for centuries to be man's best friends or even family, and not to be livestock. But Korean concept of dog is very different. There are distinct differences between human and animal in Korea. Many Koreans even don't like living with any animal under the same roof of the house and get them their own home outside. As well, the family relationship has been very strong in Korea, so they don't treat dogs as pets in the western way. That's why Koreans do not have much affection for dogs, which is usually given to eat leftovers and manure traditionally.

MAR project team Essay

Strength Integrated Health consists a number of hospitals. Has an internal technology department – MIS. Has a large number of staff MAR project team is well rounded with technology. The institutions of Integrated Health are well known by the people in Tempe, Arizona. A non-profit organization, which means all the earned money minus the salary and daily operational costs of the institution, can be used for development. Weaknesses Utilizes manual processing of information. Low investment on automation. Chief Information Officer doesn’t have technical background. Some Directors doesn’t support automation and would rather have the traditional process. A large number of staff doesn’t agree with the change. Due to manual filings, specialists reported that patients endorsed to them doesn’t have files 30% of the time. Doesn’t have a change management process. MIS Staff are underestimated and their relevance is not clear to the whole organization Opportunities Lower of costs by investing on computerizing MAR. Can attract partnerships with insurance companies as they are becoming a trend. By investing in computerized MAR, less information would be missing or incorrect If medical tests would not be repeated unnecessarily, then operational costs can be lessen. Computer management of patient medication profiles offers the opportunity to enhance communication between pharmacists and nurses decrease medication errors and delays in delivery of therapy. enhance medication delivery accuracy and timeliness Threats If the computerized MAR is not implemented, insurance companies would not want to partner with Integrated Health. Increasing incorrect medical profiles of patients. If the computerized MAR is implemented, There will be dependence on its automation in the future and when it fails, operations will stop. Cost for further upgrades to fix bugs and improve services will be considered.

A Great Man

January 4, 1643 is the magazine when our not bad(p) mathematician and physicist, Isaac normality, was born. His homet ingest was Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, England. His pay off was a fearful farmer besides unfortunately he died before Isaac north was born. After his fathers death, his m new(prenominal) was married again, hence he was left with his grandp bents custody. He went to Cambridge University to reading in 1661. During that year, he became kindle in heterogeneous fields including mathematics. He was similarly become arouse in optics, uranology and physical science but in 1665 a plague epidemic came in the University that forces nitrogen to go back to his hometown.During his deuce years in Cambridge, he already thought about solemness and in event began to study optics and mathematics peculiarly calculus. After the plague, he returned to Cambridge. He became a second Lucasian Professor of Mathematics. In 1668, he do a reflecting telescope which attracts the watchfulness of the scientific community and eventu tot onlyyy he became a member of the noted imperial smart set. His passion in optics and science was manifested by his series of experiments in the composition of brightness level which resulted to the denudation of the conglomerate behavior of wispy.He print The Opticks which consists of concepts of blank and color1704. Aside from The Opticks, he also produce several paper full treatment in history, theology and alchemy. One of his superlative flora is the Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy). This kit and boodle is e very last(predicate) about how force and gravity were employ to each(prenominal) objects in the universe. In 1689, he was elected to become the MP for Cambridge University and in 1696 he became the warden of the Royal Mint in London.In 1703, he was elected as the professorship of the Royal Society. Before he died, he has contributed a lot of concepts, discoveries, theories and views on different field such as optics, physics, astronomy and mathematics. His interest in mathematics was eldest manifested during his undergraduate year in Cambridge University. During this measure he became accustomed to assorted numeral land of several mathematicians like Descartes and illusion Wallis. His flora in mathematics embarrass the proof and improvement of the so called binominal theorem. nitrogen was not starting line to discover the ruler ((a + b) n) behind the binomial theorem. In detail an Islamic mathematician namely al-Karaji made a binomial coefficient table up to n=5. excessively, an otherwise Muslim mathematician namely Omar Khayyam launch a method of finding ordinal roots victimisation the binomial involution. Also in Europe, a century ago, Blaise protoactinium has presented his concepts of how to generate binomial coefficients. Those discoveries by various mathematicians, including Pascal, were only applicable to positive value of n. nitrogen on the other hand, discovered the design for (a+b)n that would work for any real. He arrived at this reflexion (a+b)n = an + nan-1b + n(n-1)an-2b2 / 2 + n(n-1)(n-2)an-3b3 / 3 + . . . + bn His finding about the binomial expansion was for set of n element of the interval (-1, 1), the formula (a+b)n generates an infinite, converging series. newtons find of binomial expansion/series was a coarse help in compute pi ( ). As we all live, a binomial series recurs repeatedly which becomes a very useful instrument for numeric analysis.The method of fluxions was nitrogens superior discovery in calculus. In 1671, two years before Leibnitz established his own concepts about calculus, due north started to study fluxions which is fundamentally include concepts, notations and ideas on Calculus. His works on calculus was well established during 1665 in which he presented symbolisms for cut offial derivatives which is now an grievous method i n calculus. The idea of binomial theorem and knowledge about infinite series gave Newton a solid idea on derivatives and integrals of functions.As a result of his studies, he showed that integral and derivatives can be evince as a binomial expansion of infinite series specially the forcefulness series. Newton discussed and solved problem using Method of fluxions. The problems include differentiation of algebraic function, integration of algebraic functions using opposite word method, first-order differential equations, optimization problem which includes the stead the maxima and minima of a given function and at long last drawing tangent line of functions at any point. Moreover, with the aid of fluxion, Newton positive a geometric idea of first and last ratio of lines.In 1660, Newton became interested to study the nature of light and vision. In fact because of his fascination on light, he actually stared directly on the sunshine and poked the sides of his eyeballs by a small tongue to observe activities and behavior of light and which risked glary himself. These kinds of wild experiments and other sensible ones gave sort to the formulation of theories about nature, behavior of the spectrum of light. Furthermore, Newton made its great leap in the scientific world when he published his New Theory about hang and Colors in the Royal Societys journal.As a result of his various experiments, he forced to conclude that lighten is a heterogeneous mixture of refrangible rays heart and soul light is not a self-coloured entity. When he passed a white light on a glass prism, he observed that spectrum of colors were formed in opposite walls which explained the property of light cognize as refraction. In line with the study of optics, he constructed a reflecting telescope, the first, to overcome the distortions of chromatic dispersion. One of his greatest constituents in the field of physics was his Law of world(a) Gravitation.Isaac Newton made a comparison of the moon on quickening to the objects acceleration on Earth. He believed that gravitational forces were responsible for the acceleration of each other. He made a vital conclusion that gravity depends mainly on distance. From his comparison, he reason that the gravitational force of attractive force surrounded by the Earth and other objects is inversely proportional to distance between the center of the acres and the object. In other words, if the object is draw near the center of the dry land, the gravitational force of attraction is high and vise versa.But there are other factors, aside from distance that affects the order of magnitude of the gravitational force. Newton knew that mass is the other factor that affects the gravity or acceleration of an object. Another important conclusion was worn-out and that the gravitational force exerted by the earth on the object is directly proportional to the mass of the object. Newtons legality of universal gravitation was appl ied away earth, hence gravity is really universal. With this finding, Newton was included in the gravity vestibule of fame. Also, with the aid of Law of universal Gravitation, the deuce-ace laws of motion were formulated.The formulation of these one-third laws, particularly the second law of motion allows mathematical computations of how velocity changes when force acts on it. Newton left several manuscripts and paper works about alchemy and chemical science. Most of these were part of books, bibliographies, dictionaries and many other sources however we could work out in our fingers the original one from them. He began his experiments in 1669. He wanted to know the truth about alchemical profundity and mysticism and the nature of and structure of all matter that he believed that God created all of these.Newtons notable contribution on chemistry is his publication of an incomplete possibility of chemical force. One of his written works is Opticks, which is first written in E nglish. This was his intimately precious works on theories in light and color. In Opticks, he prove and explained through experiment and logical argumentation and which includes numerous axioms, theorems, propositional statements and lots of definitions. He corporate his mathematical reasoning in his works and eventually Opticks turned out to be the basis of all experimental physics.The Opticks contained findings that light like sound is peaceful of waves. He obtained several criticisms from other scientist like Robert Hooke and Christian Huygens. But Newton insisted that light was composed of discrete particles that move in at once lines. Furthermore, Newton combined the ideas that light is a particle and at the same m a wave. Again, from this result he genuine criticisms from Hooke and other scientists. Principia, his most remarkable, notable work and considered his masterpiece was divided in 3 books.The first book of the Principia contains eight definitions and three ax ioms. The three axioms were later known as the Three Laws of Motion. These laws were the main parts of playscript I of Principia and in fact all discussions of Newton in his oblige I were based on these. In the Book II of Principia, he tacked motion of fluids and other bodies. On this book, he questioned Descartes and Kepler ideas about the offer theory. In his Book III which was subtitled the scheme of the World, he showed how he arrived on his famous Law of Universal Gravitation.The Principia was considered the most influential and greatest scientific piece during Newtons era. His laws of motion and universal gravitation were his two most popular discoveries but Newton still believes that there is a supreme being that governs and makes these phenomena possible and that is God. Newton was a religious person. In fact he has written more on religion than in natural science. As a summary, Newton was a remarkable scientist in the history of the world do remarkable scientific advan cements and discoveries in mathematics, physics, astronomy, optics, alchemy, chemistry and even in the religion.In mathematics, he contributed a lot of ideas on analytical geometry, algebra and calculus. His discovery of the binomial formula and method of fluxions were very significant in the advancement of various topics in mathematics. In physics, astronomy and optics, he made several findings and discoveries like the theories of light, Universal gravitation, laws of motion, ideas on fluid mechanics and foundation of reflecting telescope. His book, Opticks, became the basis of many experiments in physics because of the employment of scientific method in his own experiments.Newton also has rough contribution in alchemy and chemistry although some written works were in question. Newton was a great mathematician, a great physicist, a great astronomer and a great believer of God. Although all his works were scientific, he did deny the existence of a divine being. He was really a rel igious person and I count this was the reason why Sir Isaac Newton was prosperous in his career. We owed a lot to Newton so let us thanked him for his great contribution in humanity. Work Cited Hatch, Robert A. 1999. Sir Isaac Newton. 1 celestial latitude 2007, . Henderson, Tom. 2007. Newtons Law of Universal Gravitation. 1 December 2007, . Newton, Sir Isaac. 1 December 2007, . Sir Isaac Newtons Invention of the Calculus Fluxions and Infinite Series. 1 December 2007, . Smoller, Laura. June 2001. Applications Web-Based Precalculus. 1 December 2007 http//ualr. edu/lasmoller/newton. hypertext mark-up language .

Case Study: Dell Computer †Organization of a Global Production Network; Using E-Commerce to Support Its Virtual Company

pic discip bed Study dingle Com dumbfounder Organization of a Global cropion Network using E-Commerce to living its practical(prenominal) Company 1. 0 Executive summary dingles Direct Modelof selling PCs at one and only(a)ness age to the consumers, bypassing the distributors and retail merchants (resellers) channel, has been pioneered and provides distinct advantages all over the indirect gross r make upue influence. Customers seduce the ability to contact dell like a shot and prep argon expertly advanced systems at hawkish prices.This direct contact with consumers gives dingle the laughable luck to know exactly what its consumers want and offer harvest-times that would play their specific require. To fulfill the tell aseparate quickly and in bread and butter the Build-To-Order outline, dingle has trained an excellent manufacturing and logistics capabilities liveed by information systems that en fitted it to substitute information for ledger entry. d ingle coordinates a global production entanglement that spans the Americas, europium and Asia, combining in-ho work final assembly with heavy trustfulness on outside suppliers and contract manufacturers.The usance of net and E-commerce has advance giving dingle a kernel for ext shuttinging the reach and scope of its direct gross revenue blood line model at a relatively humble marginal approach. It has do so in collapse by automating its functions much(prenominal) as product manakin, order entry, and expert support, enabling the company to grow revenues without a corresponding increase in node dish live. Also, it has utilise the net cyberspace to coordinate a network of suppliers and logical argument partners who carry out galore(postnominal) of the affectes convoluted in establishing, distributing and supporting personal estimators.In short, dingles run compass consists of only three stages the suppliers, the manufacturer ( dingle), and resi delinqu ent delectationrs. dingles direct contact with clients and its use of e-commerce allows it to offered free-enterprise(a) prices, high levels of support properly draw commercialize segments, analyze the requirements and profitability of each segment, and build up to a greater extent accurate demand betokens. cut on the standard tally twine cycle and sky goodlys directly from the manufacturer to the client. turn its scroll over 60 times a year introduced sassy-fangled products without having to clear out old inventory in the channel minimize the rapid depreciation courts that mark the PC industry operated on a negative cash conversion cycle by receiving payment from its nodes in the beginning it paid its suppliers for personas build plastered, stable relationships with the extensive corporations and separate organizations who are its shopping center customers put off of Contents TopicPage 1. Executive Summary2 2. Key Success Factors4 3. cram Analysis of dell Computer6 4. What SCM strategies dell had implemented? 8 5.What are the values of the dells strategies? 10 6. Conclusion11 2. 0 Key Success Factors Supply range Know-How A key component of dells hand over stove care was having materials in close proximity to Dell factories therefore suppliers are required to put one over inventory hubs near the manufacturing plants. A huge benefit of this deliver chain solution is communicating with these hubs in tangible time to deliver the required materials. Dell had decrease its inventory to an all-time low of a 5 day interpret, which comparatively was 20 to 70 days for its major competitors, thereby creating a competitive advantage.By operating on a just-in-time basis, (a result of an 87% reduction in primary suppliers) Dell was able to provide better operate with a smart turnaround time. Also by reducing the thorough vendor pool and choosing suppliers physically close to Dells factories, supplier loyalty was increased, leading to further economies of scale. Strong supplier relationships Dell mootks long-term virtuoso source relationships in situations where alternative sources are unavailable or the relationship is advantageous with respect to performance, quality, support, deliverance or price.Securing long-term relationships with vendors allows Dell to more full integrate major vendor into Dells sum up chain management programs. This helps Dell musical accompaniment d throw inventories of components, which translate into lower unit salutes. Dell excessively seeks to lock-up tote up at the lowest possible speak to. deep Dell signed a long-term supply agreement with Philips for the supply of CRT and flat impanel monitors. Strong commitment to IT Practices ? Pre-installing software for Eastman Chemical, maintaining a bodied asset informationbase for innovational support ?Integrating supply chain vendors with more precise demand forecast for crinkle appendage support. ? Premier P ages customize, buy and report systems, resolve tech issues for operations support. Customer competency Dell has make a serious enthronisation in understanding its customers activity in concrete time and then uses this information to constructively build its business enterprise and its winning culture. Dell constantly monitored the customers shifting preferences, which helped in pricing, inventory management, and cost accounting. Also, Dells factory assembly process was highly organized (i. e. bar codes), efficient (i. e. ystems were burned-over in) and extremely fast (i. e. 36 time of day turnaround) and its customer assistant was exemplary for the industry. (a) Start with customer value Historically, customers were segmented by verticals (e. g. , consumer, incarnate, judicature and teentsy business) as well as regions and size. Dell had to depend crossways an aggregated view of these existing groupings to pick up shared values relating to product features and sup ply chain capabilities. A global view was scathing to this process. As Mr. Noakes stated, Our growth foodstuffs are non in conventional regions. We need to adjust our model to the vernal requirements. (b) A unified, end-to-end business strategy The Dell police squad stated this effort was truly a corporate wide transformation. Key to this was the ability to clearly enounce the need for change, the vision and the role of different organizations. To support this communication, several leaders started an internal blog to keep mint up to date. Culture Dells winning ship offeral begin and end with its culture. Dell has created a condition culture that relentlessly focuses on optimizing its operational model, responding to its customers needs and sustaining a self-motivated and experienced workforce Market sleuthing Dell consistently instinctd grocery changes before they happened and was able to anticipate and identify product areas to increase sustainable profits using its Direct Model. As a result of this ability, Dell could pick and train which market they entered, making sure it was a market leader quickly upon entering. Strong Information precaution practices is a powerful strategic weapon in Dell. It is widely distributed, analyzed and acted upon. People know where they and their business units stand at any time. They re-act accordingly.According to Dell If the folks in its consumer business notice its 10am and theyre not take downting decent phone calls, they know they have to do something run a advancement on the web starting at 1015, or change their pricing or run more ads. They after partt wait 30 days after the end of the quarter to figure it out. Openness and sharing are part of success at Dell. Lower social unit Costs Removing the third party retailer from the sales equation eliminates additional product mark-ups. The savings can be either recognized as higher(prenominal) margins or passes along to consumers.In both situa tions Dell is experiences better pricing flexibility than its competitors. When economic conditions are slow Dell is able to offer product at lower prices and silence operate profitably. Dells success in the most novel economic downturn serves as clear sign of the zodiac that the company can weather less than neighborly economic conditions. In 2001, Dells house servant market share actually climbed from 19% to 24. 2%. Quicker reaction to customer wants and needs As mentioned above Dell focuses on streamlining their production operations. done for(p) products are quickly assembled in direct reception to a customers order.Low finished good inventories put Dell in a better come in to continually offer the in the rawest and most requested technologies. Changes in customer demands hurt the competition more as they struggle with product obsolescence and high inventories. Competitors may be forces absorb write-offs associated with inventory obsolescence or markdown products below cost to clear inventory. 3. 0 SWOT analysis of Dell Computer Strengths Biggest PC (personal data processor) maker in the world. Dells sword is one of the best known in the world. They are the number one PC provider for speciality and small businesses across the US for 10 dead on tar touch on years. Direct to customer business model. They deal directly with the customers with no use of a middle man, i. e. retailer channel. They offer their customers the ability to track their deli genuinely by contacting customer serve wells, based in India. They design the computer to the customers specifications. It uses information engineering, and excellent customer relationship management (CRM) approaches to capture data on its loyal consumers. This allows it to assign the personal computer based on the customers own specification. Cost advantage over rivals Their assembly is done at a fairly inexpensive cost By offering superior telephone customer and/or internet services such as Premier Access, and outsourcing their shipping, Dell had the lowest operating cost in the industry at 11. 5%. Dell is not a manufacturer Components are made by suppliers and Dell assembles the computers using relatively gilded labor. The finished goods are then dropped off with the customer by courier. Dell has total command of the supply chain. No inventory buildup. Dell create its computers to order none were produced for inventory. Wide geographic coverage and strong global scattering capabilities Good supply chain management capabilities. Good customer service capabilities helplessness Dealing with a large amount of supplies from more a(prenominal) different countries can cause a large issue when products are recalled. Example in 2004 Dell had to recall 4. 4 million laptop computer adapters because of a fear that they could overheat, causing electric shocks or fires. broad(prenominal) dependence on suppliers. They build computers, not develop them. It buys from a g roup of concentrated hi-tech component manufacturers.Whilst this is a tremendous advantage in impairment of business operations, allowing Dell to focus on market and logistics, the company is reliant on a some large suppliers, and to an extent is locked in for periods of time (i. e. futile to switch supply dues to the lack of large suppliers in the World). Their supply orders are so large that they run short limited to dealing with a small some supplies that can handle the volume. Dell lacked solid lead/retailer relationships. They have weak business relationships with many computer retailers. No propriety technology. They do not have unique technologies to offer the market. Because outsourced all components, it is very difficult to manage the quality. Dell is the lack of multi-channel dispersal capabilities. It will be very difficult to drop down the selling channels because there are no other retailers in markets. Dells products promotion and introduction of new prod ucts fall behind othercompetitors Weak dealer network Opportunity untested products and new market still has room for development. go along to market on the internet to gain larger market base. Broadening their scopes in Europe, India and China. Expand into government and education markets. Utilizing existing company skills or technological know-how to enter new product lines or new businesses. Entering into alliances or joint ventures to expand the inviolables market coverage or ascension its competitive capability PC industrys growth prospects uphold fetching Dell can further capitalize on the remaining build-out of the Internet infrastructure and increase market share in the external storage market Threat The iodine biggest problem for Dell is the competitive rivalry that exists in the PC market globally. As with all paying brands, retaliation from competitors and new entrants to the market poses potential threats.Dell sources from Far Eastern nations where labou r costs remain low, but there is nothing stopping competitors doing the homogeneous(p) even sourcing the corresponding or similar components from the same or similar suppliers. Remember, Dell is a PC maker, not a PC manufacturer. Increasingly favorite brand names in the competition. Likely entry of potent new competitors. Competition can fundamentally create the same computers since Dell builds computers, not designs them. Fluctuations in the currency markets can make global business operations more open to losses in certain areas of the supply chain. Dell, being global in its marketing and operations, is xposed to fluctuations in the World currency markets. Although it is a very lean organization, orders do have to be local anaestheticised some time ahead due to their size or value. Changes in exchange judge could leave the company exposed to potential loses in parts of its supply chain. Tariff trade barriers touch their positions in multiple countries. The global ec onomic downturn. dismissal of sales to substitute products, like Ipad, Tablet PC. growing bargaining power of customers or suppliers. Price contrast between brands is getting smaller all the time. 4. 0 What are the SCM strategies that Dell had implemented?Dell revolutionized supply chain management with its direct model, build-to-order (BTO) manufacturing, just-in-time inventory model and impressive cash-to-cash conversion cycle. Dell designed its supply chains based on a concoction of cost optimization, delivery speed and product choices that customers value. Its strategy was build around a number of core elements build-to-order manufacturing, mass customization, partnerships with suppliers, just-in-time components inventories, direct sales to customers, market partitioning, awarded-winning customer service and technical support, and pioneering use of the Internet and e-commerce technology. with this strategy, the company has somehow achieve what Michael Dell called Virtua l Company / integration stitching together of Dells business with its supply partners and customers in real time such that all three appeared to be part of the same organizational team sharing extensive data and information pic Process Streamlining In particular, Dell concentrate on enabling just-in-time delivery of parts and componentsa process whereby Dells suppliers delivered goods to Dell very close to the time Dell actually needed the parts for use in computers that consumers had already ordered.This shortened the time during which Dell needed to maintain an inventory of parts and rock-bottom the costs associated with storing that inventory. The reduction in costs associated with the modern manufacturing processes allowed Dell to offer its products at low prices that were attractive to consumers and that were difficult for competitors to match. Moreover, the low-price approach allowed Dell to gain market share without investing heavily in look into and development in the ea rly stages of its growth.Build-to-order( Postponed) Dell built its computers to order none were produced for inventory. Dell customers could order custom computers based on the needs of their applications. Desktop and laptop customers ordered whatever configuration of microprocessor speed, random admission price memory (RAM), hard disk capacity, CD-ROM drive, telefax/modem, monitor size, speakers, and other accessories they preferred. The orders were directed to the nearest factory.In 2000, Dell had PC assembly plants in Austin, Texas capital of Tennessee/Lebanon, Tennessee Limerick, Ireland Xiamen, China Penang, Malaysia and El Dorado do Sul, Brazil. All vi plants manufactured the companys entire line of products. Partnerships with suppliers Michael Dell believed it made much better sense for Dell Computer to partner with reputable suppliers of PC parts and components rather than to integrate backward and get into parts and components manufacturing on its own.Just-in-time com ponents inventories Dells just-in-time inventory emphasis yielded major cost advantages and shortened the time it took for Dell to get new generations of its computer models into the marketplace. New advances were coming so fast in certain computer parts and components (particularly microprocessors, disk drives, and modems) that any given item in inventory was obsolete in a emergence of months, sometimes quicker Direct interchange Selling direct to customers gave Dell firsthand intelligence rip customer preferences and needs, as well as neighboring(a) feedback on design problems and quality glitches. Market segmentation To make sure that each type of computer users are well served, Dell had made a special effort to segment the buyers of its computers into relevant groups and to place managers in charge of developing sales and service programs appropriate to the needs and expectations of each market segment. Their market segment comprises from large customers, both corporate a nd political buyers, to small customers, both small businesses and individuals.Customer service and Technical Support Dell contracted with local service providers to handle customer requests for repairs on-site service was provided on a next-day basis. Dell in any case provided its customers with technical support via a toll-free number, fax, and e-mail. Virtual Integration and Information Sharing On-line communications technology made it easy for Dell to communicate inventory levels and replenishment needs to vendors daily or even hourly. 5. 0 What are the values of the Dells strategies? The direct business model had a important benefit that Michael Dell didnt anticipate.It enables the company to have an actual relationship with customers. This provides essential information that is used to leverage relationships with the suppliers as well as customers. It in any case provides 2 distinct advantages reducing marketing and sales cost by eliminating markups of distributors and retailers building to order cut back inventory costs and risks of retaining inventories. Knowing the customer is the insane asylum for creating value It is no longer good enough to simply meet customer expectations. It is not ven good enough to delight the customer. These goals are often one-time goals. act success, particularly at a fast railway yard sum it is getting increasingly important to hold up the customer. Knowing the customer means having knowledge that lets Dell constantly add value. Knowing the customer means Dell can design new products, new services, and new pricing schemes that constantly meet and travel by customer expectations. Dell achieves this by dint of creative use of their information systems as well as through their people.Their information systems attract, store, manipulate, and report information on customers. Their people used this information to respond immediately to changes in market conditions, changes from competitors, and changes in custome r preferences. Price for capital punishment Dell boasts a very efficient procurement, manufacturing and distribution process allowing it to offer customers powerful systems at competitive prices, especially for the price conscious customers. Continuous createion is critical for continued velocityAt some point, every(prenominal) strategy and every goal is outdated. Dell has the sagacious sense to identify possible new strategies and goals early, and to reinvent itself in order to move in the new direction. This was true when Dell made their entry onto online service over the Internet. The Dell Direct Model was extend to allow customers access to systems which let them tap directly into Dells service and support databases. Dell has already reinvented itself once more by viewing their business as one of integration and distribution, rather than simply as a hardware manufacturer.Complexity reduction Product options had nonplus too complex. In response, Dell reduced configuration complexity in line with customer requirements. Product offerings had exceeded customer requirements and were adding unnecessary cost and responsiveness looseness in the supply chain. Improved internal quislingism Identifying and managing functional interdependencies have driven collaboration across product design, supply chain, marketing, sales and finance. Dell also simplified interactions by centralizing global operations, composition aligning to customer verticals. . 0 Conclusion Dell is simply a success story it shows how one can gain market advantage by simply understanding what brings value to customers. Dells direct selling and build-to-order has given it a unique position in the industry. Dell has successfully built its competitive advantage as low cost producer, achieved through adapting lean manufacturing approaches. Also today, the Internet has created many new opportunities to interact with customers, people and to provide products more closely customized to individu al customer preferences.Certainly Dells competitors see the advantage of the companys direct model, and to a varying detail use similar tactics. But, the other vendors have bequest ties to supply chains supply chains with distributors and resellers that still hinder these non-direct channels less efficient. So Dell had the ability to cut margin without cutting profit Dells e-commerce service is a valuable management tool for online business, whereby, increased efficiency, cost authorization and improve customer satisfaction. Selling online allows the whole process to be automated and more efficient.